404 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
404 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
<!-- SeleniumBase Docs -->
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## [<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/img/logo6.png" title="SeleniumBase" width="32">](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/) UC Mode 👤
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👤 <b translate="no">SeleniumBase</b> <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> (Undetected-Chromedriver Mode) allows bots to appear human, which lets them evade detection from anti-bot services that try to block them or trigger CAPTCHAs on various websites.
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---
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<!-- YouTube View --><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dMFI3e85ig"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/5dMFI3e85ig/0.jpg" title="SeleniumBase on YouTube" width="350" /></a>
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<p>(<b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dMFI3e85ig">Watch the 1st UC Mode tutorial on YouTube! ▶️</a></b>)</p>
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----
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<!-- YouTube View --><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pTpBtaE7SQ"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/2pTpBtaE7SQ/0.jpg" title="SeleniumBase on YouTube" width="350" /></a>
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<p>(<b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pTpBtaE7SQ">Watch the 2nd UC Mode tutorial on YouTube! ▶️</a></b>)</p>
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----
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<!-- YouTube View --><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EpZlhGWo9k"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/-EpZlhGWo9k/0.jpg" title="SeleniumBase on YouTube" width="350" /></a>
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<p>(<b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EpZlhGWo9k">Watch the 3rd UC Mode tutorial on YouTube! ▶️</a></b>)</p>
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----
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👤 <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> is based on [undetected-chromedriver](https://github.com/ultrafunkamsterdam/undetected-chromedriver). <span translate="no">UC Mode</span> includes multiple updates, fixes, and improvements, such as:
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* Automatically changing user-agents to prevent detection.
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* Automatically setting various Chromium args as needed.
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* Has special `uc_*()` methods for bypassing CAPTCHAs.
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👤 Here's a simple example with the <b><code translate="no">Driver</code></b> manager:
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```python
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from seleniumbase import Driver
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driver = Driver(uc=True)
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url = "https://gitlab.com/users/sign_in"
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driver.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, 4)
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driver.uc_gui_click_captcha()
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driver.quit()
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```
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<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/gitlab_bypass.png" title="SeleniumBase" width="370">
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👤 Here's an example with the <b><code translate="no">SB</code></b> manager (which has more methods and functionality than the <b><code translate="no">Driver</code></b> format):
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```python
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from seleniumbase import SB
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with SB(uc=True) as sb:
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url = "https://gitlab.com/users/sign_in"
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sb.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, 4)
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sb.uc_gui_click_captcha()
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```
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(Note: If running UC Mode scripts on headless Linux machines, then you'll need to use the <b><code translate="no">SB</code></b> manager instead of the <b><code translate="no">Driver</code></b> manager because the <b><code translate="no">SB</code></b> manager includes a special virtual display that allows for <b><code translate="no">PyAutoGUI</code></b> actions.)
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👤 Here's a longer example: (Note that <code translate="no">sb.uc_gui_click_captcha()</code> performs a special click using <b><code translate="no">PyAutoGUI</code></b> if a CAPTCHA is detected.)
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```python
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from seleniumbase import SB
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with SB(uc=True, test=True) as sb:
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url = "https://gitlab.com/users/sign_in"
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sb.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, 4)
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sb.uc_gui_click_captcha()
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sb.assert_text("Username", '[for="user_login"]', timeout=3)
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sb.assert_element('label[for="user_login"]')
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sb.highlight('button:contains("Sign in")')
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sb.highlight('h1:contains("GitLab.com")')
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sb.post_message("SeleniumBase wasn't detected", duration=4)
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```
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👤 Here's an example <b>where clicking the checkbox is required</b>, even for humans:<br />(Commonly seen on forms that are CAPTCHA-protected.)
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<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/cf_turnstile.png" title="SeleniumBase" width="260">
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```python
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from seleniumbase import SB
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with SB(uc=True, test=True) as sb:
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url = "https://seleniumbase.io/apps/turnstile"
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sb.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, reconnect_time=2)
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sb.uc_gui_handle_captcha()
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sb.assert_element("img#captcha-success", timeout=3)
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sb.set_messenger_theme(location="top_left")
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sb.post_message("SeleniumBase wasn't detected", duration=3)
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```
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<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/turnstile_click.jpg" title="SeleniumBase" width="440">
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If running on a Linux server, `uc_gui_handle_captcha()` might not be good enough. Switch to `uc_gui_click_captcha()` to be more stealthy. Note that these methods auto-detect between CF Turnstile and Google reCAPTCHA.
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Sometimes you need to add <code translate="no">incognito=True</code> with <code translate="no">uc=True</code> to maximize your anti-detection abilities. (Some websites can detect you if you don't do that.)
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👤 Here's an example <b>where the CAPTCHA appears after submitting a form</b>:
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```python
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from seleniumbase import SB
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with SB(uc=True, test=True, incognito=True, locale_code="en") as sb:
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url = "https://ahrefs.com/website-authority-checker"
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input_field = 'input[placeholder="Enter domain"]'
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submit_button = 'span:contains("Check Authority")'
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sb.uc_open_with_reconnect(url) # The bot-check is later
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sb.type(input_field, "github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase")
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sb.reconnect(0.1)
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sb.uc_click(submit_button, reconnect_time=4)
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sb.uc_gui_click_captcha()
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sb.wait_for_text_not_visible("Checking", timeout=12)
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sb.highlight('p:contains("github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase")')
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sb.highlight('a:contains("Top 100 backlinks")')
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sb.set_messenger_theme(location="bottom_center")
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sb.post_message("SeleniumBase wasn't detected!")
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```
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<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/ahrefs_bypass.png" title="SeleniumBase" width="540">
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👤 Here, <b>the CAPTCHA appears after clicking to go to the sign-in screen</b>:
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```python
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from seleniumbase import SB
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with SB(uc=True, test=True, ad_block=True) as sb:
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url = "https://www.thaiticketmajor.com/concert/"
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sb.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, 6.111)
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sb.uc_click("button.btn-signin", 4.1)
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sb.uc_gui_click_captcha()
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```
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<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/ttm_bypass.png" title="SeleniumBase" width="540">
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--------
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👤 <b>On Linux</b>, use `sb.uc_gui_click_captcha()` to handle CAPTCHAs (Cloudflare Turnstiles):
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```python
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from seleniumbase import SB
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with SB(uc=True, test=True) as sb:
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url = "https://www.virtualmanager.com/en/login"
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sb.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, 4)
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print(sb.get_page_title())
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sb.uc_gui_click_captcha() # Only used if needed
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print(sb.get_page_title())
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sb.assert_element('input[name*="email"]')
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sb.assert_element('input[name*="login"]')
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sb.set_messenger_theme(location="bottom_center")
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sb.post_message("SeleniumBase wasn't detected!")
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```
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<a href="https://github.com/mdmintz/undetected-testing/actions/runs/9637461606/job/26576722411"><img width="540" alt="uc_gui_click_captcha on Linux" src="https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/assets/6788579/6aceb2a3-2a32-4521-b30a-f79446d2ce28"></a>
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The 2nd <code translate="no">print()</code> should output <code translate="no">Virtual Manager</code>, which means that the automation successfully passed the Turnstile.
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(Note: <span translate="no">UC Mode</span> is detectable in Headless Mode, so don't combine those options. Instead, use <code translate="no">xvfb=True</code> / `--xvfb`on Linux for the special virtual display, which is enabled by default when not changing headed/headless settings.)
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--------
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👤 In <b translate="no">UC Mode</b>, <code translate="no">driver.get(url)</code> has been modified from its original version: If anti-bot services are detected from a <code translate="no">requests.get(url)</code> call that's made before navigating to the website, then <code translate="no">driver.uc_open_with_reconnect(url)</code> will be used instead. To open a URL normally in <b translate="no">UC Mode</b>, use <code translate="no">driver.default_get(url)</code>.
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--------
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### 👤 Here are some examples that use UC Mode:
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/verify_undetected.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/verify_undetected.py)
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/raw_bing_captcha.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/raw_bing_captcha.py)
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/raw_uc_mode.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/raw_uc_mode.py)
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/raw_cf.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/raw_cf.py)
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--------
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👤 Here's an example where <b><code translate="no">incognito=True</code> is needed for bypassing detection</b>:
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/raw_pixelscan.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/raw_pixelscan.py)
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```python
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from seleniumbase import SB
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with SB(uc=True, incognito=True, test=True) as sb:
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sb.driver.uc_open_with_reconnect("https://pixelscan.net/", 10)
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sb.remove_elements("jdiv") # Remove chat widgets
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sb.highlight("span.text-success", loops=8)
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sb.highlight(".bot-detection-context", loops=10, scroll=False)
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sb.sleep(2)
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```
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<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/pixelscan.jpg" title="SeleniumBase" width="540">
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--------
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### 👤 Here are some UC Mode examples that bypass CAPTCHAs when clicking is required:
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/raw_pyautogui.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/raw_pyautogui.py)
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/raw_turnstile.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/raw_turnstile.py)
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/raw_form_turnstile.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/raw_form_turnstile.py)
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* [SeleniumBase/examples/uc_cdp_events.py](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/examples/uc_cdp_events.py)
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<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/cf_bypass.png" title="SeleniumBase" width="260">
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--------
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### 👤 Here are the SeleniumBase UC Mode methods: (**`--uc`** / **`uc=True`**)
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```python
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driver.uc_open(url)
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driver.uc_open_with_tab(url)
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driver.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, reconnect_time=None)
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driver.uc_open_with_disconnect(url, timeout=None)
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driver.reconnect(timeout)
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driver.disconnect()
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driver.connect()
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driver.uc_click(
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selector, by="css selector",
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timeout=settings.SMALL_TIMEOUT, reconnect_time=None)
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driver.uc_gui_press_key(key)
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driver.uc_gui_press_keys(keys)
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driver.uc_gui_write(text)
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driver.uc_gui_click_x_y(x, y, timeframe=0.25)
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driver.uc_gui_click_captcha(frame="iframe", retry=False, blind=False)
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# driver.uc_gui_click_cf(frame="iframe", retry=False, blind=False)
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# driver.uc_gui_click_rc(frame="iframe", retry=False, blind=False)
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driver.uc_gui_handle_captcha(frame="iframe")
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# driver.uc_gui_handle_cf(frame="iframe")
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# driver.uc_gui_handle_rc(frame="iframe")
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```
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(Note that the <b><code translate="no">reconnect_time</code></b> is used to specify how long the driver should be disconnected from Chrome to prevent detection before reconnecting again.)
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👤 Since <b><code translate="no">driver.get(url)</code></b> is slower in <span translate="no">UC Mode</span> for bypassing detection, use <b><code translate="no">driver.default_get(url)</code></b> for a standard page load instead:
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```python
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driver.default_get(url) # Faster, but Selenium can be detected
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```
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👤 Here are some examples of using those special <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> methods: (Use <b><code translate="no">self.driver</code></b> for <b><code translate="no">BaseCase</code></b> formats. Use <b><code translate="no">sb.driver</code></b> for <b><code translate="no">SB()</code></b> formats):
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```python
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url = "https://gitlab.com/users/sign_in"
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driver.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, reconnect_time=3)
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driver.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, 3)
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driver.reconnect(5)
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driver.reconnect(timeout=5)
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```
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👤 You can also set the <b><code translate="no">reconnect_time</code></b> / <b><code translate="no">timeout</code></b> to <b><code translate="no">"breakpoint"</code></b> as a valid option. This allows the user to perform manual actions (until typing <b><code translate="no">c</code></b> and pressing <b><code translate="no">ENTER</code></b> to continue from the breakpoint):
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```python
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url = "https://gitlab.com/users/sign_in"
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driver.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, reconnect_time="breakpoint")
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driver.uc_open_with_reconnect(url, "breakpoint")
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driver.reconnect(timeout="breakpoint")
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driver.reconnect("breakpoint")
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```
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(Note that while the special <b><code translate="no">UC Mode</code></b> breakpoint is active, you can't use <b><code translate="no">Selenium</code></b> commands in the browser, and the browser can't detect <b><code translate="no">Selenium</code></b>.)
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--------
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👤 <b>On Linux</b>, use <code translate="no">xvfb=True</code> / `--xvfb` to activate a special virtual display. This allows you to run a regular browser in an environment that has no GUI. This is important for two reasons: One: <span translate="no">UC Mode</span> is detectable in headless mode. Two: <code translate="no">pyautogui</code> doesn't work in headless mode. (Note that some methods such as <code translate="no">uc_gui_click_captcha()</code> require <code translate="no">pyautogui</code> for performing special actions.)
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--------
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👤 <code translate="no">uc_gui_click_captcha()</code> auto-detects the CAPTCHA type before trying to click it. This is a generic method for both CF Turnstile and Google reCAPTCHA. It will use the code from <code translate="no">uc_gui_click_cf()</code> and <code translate="no">uc_gui_click_rc()</code> as needed.
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👤 <code translate="no">uc_gui_click_cf(frame="iframe", retry=False, blind=False)</code> has three args. (All optional). The first one, <code translate="no">frame</code>, lets you specify the selector above the <code translate="no">iframe</code> in case the CAPTCHA is not located in the first <code translate="no">iframe</code> on the page. (In the case of Shadow-DOM, specify the selector of an element that's above the Shadow-DOM.) The second one, <code translate="no">retry</code>, lets you retry the click after reloading the page if the first one didn't work (and a CAPTCHA is still present after the page reload). The third arg, <code translate="no">blind</code>, (if <code translate="no">True</code>), will retry after a page reload (if the first click failed) by clicking at the last known coordinates of the CAPTCHA checkbox without confirming first with Selenium that a CAPTCHA is still on the page.
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👤 <code translate="no">uc_gui_click_rc(frame="iframe", retry=False, blind=False)</code> is for reCAPTCHA. This may only work a few times before not working anymore... not because Selenium was detected, but because reCAPTCHA uses advanced AI to detect unusual activity, unlike the CF Turnstile, which only uses basic detection.
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--------
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👤 To find out if <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> will work at all on a specific site (before adjusting for timing), load your site with the following script:
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```python
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from seleniumbase import SB
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with SB(uc=True) as sb:
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sb.uc_open_with_reconnect(URL, reconnect_time="breakpoint")
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```
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(If you remain undetected while loading the page and performing manual actions, then you know you can create a working script once you swap the breakpoint with a time and add special methods like <b><code translate="no">sb.uc_click</code></b> as needed.)
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--------
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👤 <b>Multithreaded UC Mode:</b>
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If you're using <b><code translate="no">pytest</code></b> for multithreaded <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> (which requires using one of the <b><code translate="no">pytest</code></b> [syntax formats](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase/blob/master/help_docs/syntax_formats.md)), then all you have to do is set the number of threads when your script runs. (<code translate="no">-n NUM</code>) Eg:
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```bash
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pytest --uc -n 4
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```
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(Then <b><code translate="no">pytest-xdist</code></b> is automatically used to spin up and process the threads.)
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If you don't want to use <b><code translate="no">pytest</code></b> for multithreading, then you'll need to do a little more work. That involves using a different multithreading library, (eg. <b><code translate="no">concurrent.futures</code></b>), and making sure that thread-locking is done correctly for processes that share resources. To handle that thread-locking, include <b><code translate="no">sys.argv.append("-n")</code></b> in your <b>SeleniumBase</b> file.
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Here's a sample script that uses <b><code translate="no">concurrent.futures</code></b> for spinning up multiple processes:
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```python
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import sys
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from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
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from seleniumbase import Driver
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sys.argv.append("-n") # Tell SeleniumBase to do thread-locking as needed
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def launch_driver(url):
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driver = Driver(uc=True)
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try:
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driver.get(url=url)
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driver.sleep(2)
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finally:
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driver.quit()
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urls = ['https://seleniumbase.io/demo_page' for i in range(3)]
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with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=len(urls)) as executor:
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for url in urls:
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executor.submit(launch_driver, url)
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```
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--------
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👤 <b>What makes UC Mode work?</b>
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Here are the 3 primary things that <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> does to make bots appear human:
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<ul>
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<li>Modifies <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> to rename <b translate="no">Chrome DevTools Console</b> variables.</li>
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<li>Launches <b translate="no">Chrome</b> browsers before attaching <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> to them.</li>
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<li>Disconnects <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> from <b translate="no">Chrome</b> during stealthy actions.</li>
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</ul>
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For example, if the <b translate="no">Chrome DevTools Console</b> variables aren't renamed, you can expect to find them easily when using <b><code translate="no">selenium</code></b> for browser automation:
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<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/cdc_args.png" title="SeleniumBase" width="390">
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(If those variables are still there, then websites can easily detect your bots.)
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If you launch <b translate="no">Chrome</b> using <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b>, then there will be settings that make your browser look like a bot. (Instead, <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> connects <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> to <b translate="no">Chrome</b> after the browser is launched, which makes <b translate="no">Chrome</b> look like a normal, human-controlled web browser.)
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While <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> is connected to <b translate="no">Chrome</b>, website services can detect it. Thankfully, raw <b><code translate="no">selenium</code></b> already includes <b><code translate="no">driver.service.stop()</code></b> for stopping the <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> service, <b><code translate="no">driver.service.start()</code></b> for starting the <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> service, and <b><code translate="no">driver.start_session(capabilities)</code></b> for reviving the active browser session with the given capabilities. (<b translate="no"><code>SeleniumBase</code> <span translate="no">UC Mode</span></b> methods automatically use those raw <b><code translate="no">selenium</code></b> methods as needed.)
|
||
|
||
Links to those <a href="https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium">raw <b>Selenium</b></a> method definitions have been provided for reference (but you don't need to call those methods directly):
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><b><code translate="no"><a href="https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/blob/9c6ccdbf40356284fad342f70fbdc0afefd27bd3/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py#L135">driver.service.stop()</a></code></b></li>
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||
<li><b><code translate="no"><a href="https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/blob/9c6ccdbf40356284fad342f70fbdc0afefd27bd3/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py#L91">driver.service.start()</a></code></b></li>
|
||
<li><b><code translate="no"><a href="https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/blob/9c6ccdbf40356284fad342f70fbdc0afefd27bd3/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py#L284">driver.start_session(capabilities)</a></code></b></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
Also note that <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> isn't detectable in a browser tab if it never touches that tab. Here's a JS command that lets you open a URL in a new tab (from your current tab):
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><b><code translate="no">window.open("URL");</code></b> --> (Info: <a href="https://www.w3schools.com/jsref/met_win_open.asp" target="_blank">W3Schools</a>)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
The above JS method is used within <b translate="no"><code>SeleniumBase</code></b> <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> methods for opening URLs in a stealthy way. Since some websites try to detect if your browser is a bot on the initial page load, this allows you to bypass detection in those situations. After a few seconds (customizable), <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> tells <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> to connect to that tab so that automated commands can now be issued. At that point, <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> could be detected if websites are looking for it (but generally websites only look for it during specific events, such as page loads, form submissions, and button clicks).
|
||
|
||
Avoiding detection while clicking is easy if you schedule your clicks to happen at a future point when the <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> service has been stopped. Here's a JS command that lets you schedule events (such as clicks) to happen in the future:
|
||
|
||
<li><b><code translate="no">window.setTimeout(function() { SCRIPT }, MS);</code></b> --> (Info: <a href="https://www.w3schools.com/jsref/met_win_settimeout.asp" target="_blank">W3Schools</a>)</li>
|
||
|
||
The above JS method is used within the <b><code translate="no">SeleniumBase</code></b> <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> method: <b><code translate="no">sb.uc_click(selector)</code></b> so that clicking can be done in a stealthy way. <b translate="no">UC Mode</b> schedules your click, disconnects <b><code translate="no">chromedriver</code></b> from <b translate="no">Chrome</b>, waits a little (customizable), and reconnects.
|
||
|
||
--------
|
||
|
||
🏆 <b>Choosing the right CAPTCHA service</b> for your business / website:
|
||
|
||
<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/me_se_conf.jpg" title="SeleniumBase" width="370">
|
||
|
||
As an ethical hacker / cybersecurity researcher who builds bots that bypass CAPTCHAs for sport, <b>the CAPTCHA service that I personally recommend</b> for keeping bots out is <b translate="no">Google reCAPTCHA</b>:
|
||
|
||
<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/other/g_recaptcha.png" title="SeleniumBase" width="315">
|
||
|
||
Since Google makes Chrome, Google's own <b translate="no">reCAPTCHA</b> service has access to more data than other CAPTCHA services (eg. hCaptcha, CloudFlare, DataDome, etc.), and can therefore use that data to make better decisions about whether or not web activity is coming from real humans or automated bots.
|
||
|
||
--------
|
||
|
||
⚖️ <b>Legal implications of web-scraping</b>:
|
||
|
||
Based on the following article, https://nubela.co/blog/meta-lost-the-scraping-legal-battle-to-bright-data/, (which outlines a court case where social-networking company: Meta lost the legal battle to data-scraping company: Bright Data), it was determined that web scraping is 100% legal in the eyes of the courts as long as:
|
||
1. The scraping is only done with <b>public data</b> and <b>not private data</b>.
|
||
2. The scraping isn’t done while logged in on the site being scraped.
|
||
|
||
If the above criteria are met, then scrape away! (According to the article)
|
||
|
||
(Note: I'm not a lawyer, so I can't officially offer legal advice, but I can direct people to existing articles online where people can find their own answers.)
|
||
|
||
--------
|
||
|
||
<img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/cdn/img/sb_text_f.png" alt="SeleniumBase" title="SeleniumBase" align="center" width="335">
|
||
|
||
<div><a href="https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase"><img src="https://seleniumbase.github.io/cdn/img/sb_logo_gs.png" alt="SeleniumBase" title="SeleniumBase" width="335" /></a></div>
|