355 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
355 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
---
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title: primitives (dev version)
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description: API reference for qiskit.primitives in the dev version of qiskit
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in_page_toc_min_heading_level: 2
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python_api_type: module
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python_api_name: qiskit.primitives
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---
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<span id="module-qiskit.primitives" />
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<span id="qiskit-primitives" />
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<span id="primitives-qiskit-primitives" />
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# Primitives
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`qiskit.primitives`
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The primitives are computational building blocks to be used in larger applications whose input units, called primitive unified blocs (PUBs), require quantum resources to efficiently produce outputs for.
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Currently there are two types of primitives whose abstractions, in their latest versions, are defined by [`BaseSamplerV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2") and [`BaseEstimatorV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2"). Samplers are responsible for accepting quantum circuits (or sweeps of values over parameterized circuits) and sampling from their classical output registers. Estimators accept combinations of circuits and observables (or sweeps thereof) to estimate expectation values of the observables.
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Qiskit offers a reference implementation for each of these abstractions in the [`StatevectorSampler`](qiskit.primitives.StatevectorSampler "qiskit.primitives.StatevectorSampler") and [`StatevectorEstimator`](qiskit.primitives.StatevectorEstimator "qiskit.primitives.StatevectorEstimator") classes.
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The earlier versions of the sampler and estimator abstractions are defined by [`BaseSamplerV1`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV1 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV1") and [`BaseEstimatorV1`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV1 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV1"). These interfaces follow a different and less flexible input-output format for the `run` method and have been largely replaced in practice by [`BaseSamplerV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2") and [`BaseEstimatorV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2"). However, the original abstract interface definitions have been retained for backward compatibility. Check the migration section of this page to see further details on the difference between V1 and V2.
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## Overview of EstimatorV2
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[`BaseEstimatorV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2") is a primitive that estimates expectation values for provided quantum circuit and observable combinations.
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Following construction, an estimator is used by calling its [`run()`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2#run "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2.run") method with a list of pubs (Primitive Unified Blocs). Each pub contains three values that, together, define a computation unit of work for the estimator to complete:
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* a single [`QuantumCircuit`](qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit "qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit"), possibly parametrized, whose final state we define as $\psi(\theta)$,
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* one or more observables (specified as any `ObservablesArrayLike`, including [`Pauli`](qiskit.quantum_info.Pauli "qiskit.quantum_info.Pauli"), [`SparsePauliOp`](qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp "qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp"), `str`) that specify which expectation values to estimate, denoted $H_j$, and
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* a collection parameter value sets to bind the circuit against, $\theta_k$.
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Running an estimator returns a [`BasePrimitiveJob`](qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob "qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob") object, where calling the method [`result()`](qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob#result "qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob.result") results in expectation value estimates and metadata for each pub:
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$$
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\langle\psi(\theta_k)|H_j|\psi(\theta_k)\rangle
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$$
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The observables and parameter values portion of a pub can be array-valued with arbitrary dimensions, where standard broadcasting rules are applied, so that, in turn, the estimated result for each pub is in general array-valued as well. For more information, please check [here](https://github.com/Qiskit/RFCs/blob/master/0015-estimator-interface.md#arrays-and-broadcasting-).
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Here is an example of how an estimator is used.
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```python
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from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorEstimator as Estimator
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from qiskit.circuit.library import RealAmplitudes
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from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
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psi1 = RealAmplitudes(num_qubits=2, reps=2)
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psi2 = RealAmplitudes(num_qubits=2, reps=3)
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H1 = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("II", 1), ("IZ", 2), ("XI", 3)])
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H2 = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("IZ", 1)])
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H3 = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("ZI", 1), ("ZZ", 1)])
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theta1 = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
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theta2 = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]
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theta3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
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estimator = Estimator()
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# calculate [ <psi1(theta1)|H1|psi1(theta1)> ]
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job = estimator.run([(psi1, H1, [theta1])])
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job_result = job.result() # It will block until the job finishes.
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print(f"The primitive-job finished with result {job_result}")
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# calculate [ [<psi1(theta1)|H1|psi1(theta1)>,
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# <psi1(theta3)|H3|psi1(theta3)>],
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# [<psi2(theta2)|H2|psi2(theta2)>] ]
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job2 = estimator.run(
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[
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(psi1, [H1, H3], [theta1, theta3]),
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(psi2, H2, theta2)
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],
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precision=0.01
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)
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job_result = job2.result()
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print(f"The primitive-job finished with result {job_result}")
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```
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## Overview of SamplerV2
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[`BaseSamplerV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2") is a primitive that samples outputs of quantum circuits.
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Following construction, a sampler is used by calling its [`run()`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2#run "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2.run") method with a list of pubs (Primitive Unified Blocs). Each pub contains values that, together, define a computational unit of work for the sampler to complete:
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* A single [`QuantumCircuit`](qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit "qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit"), possibly parameterized.
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* A collection parameter value sets to bind the circuit against if it is parametric.
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* Optionally, the number of shots to sample, determined in the run method if not set.
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Running an estimator returns a [`BasePrimitiveJob`](qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob "qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob") object, where calling the method [`result()`](qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob#result "qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob.result") results in output samples and metadata for each pub.
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Here is an example of how a sampler is used.
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```python
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from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler as Sampler
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from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
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from qiskit.circuit.library import RealAmplitudes
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# create a Bell circuit
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bell = QuantumCircuit(2)
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bell.h(0)
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bell.cx(0, 1)
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bell.measure_all()
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# create two parameterized circuits
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pqc = RealAmplitudes(num_qubits=2, reps=2)
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pqc.measure_all()
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pqc2 = RealAmplitudes(num_qubits=2, reps=3)
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pqc2.measure_all()
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theta1 = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
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theta2 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
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# initialization of the sampler
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sampler = Sampler()
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# collect 128 shots from the Bell circuit
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job = sampler.run([bell], shots=128)
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job_result = job.result()
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print(f"The primitive-job finished with result {job_result}")
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# run a sampler job on the parameterized circuits
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job2 = sampler.run([(pqc, theta1), (pqc2, theta2)])
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job_result = job2.result()
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print(f"The primitive-job finished with result {job_result}")
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```
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## Overview of EstimatorV1
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There are currently no implementations of the legacy `EstimatorV1` interface in Qiskit. However, the abstract interface definition from [`BaseEstimatorV1`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV1 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV1") is still part of the package to provide backwards compatibility for external implementations.
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An `EstimatorV1` implementation is initialized with an empty parameter set. [`BaseEstimatorV1`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV1 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV1") can be called via the `.run()` method with the following parameters:
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* quantum circuits ($\psi_i(\theta)$): list of (parameterized) quantum circuits (a list of [`QuantumCircuit`](qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit "qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit") objects).
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* observables ($H_j$): a list of [`SparsePauliOp`](qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp "qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp") objects.
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* parameter values ($\theta_k$): list of sets of values to be bound to the parameters of the quantum circuits (list of list of float).
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The method should return a [`JobV1`](qiskit.providers.JobV1 "qiskit.providers.JobV1") object. Calling [`qiskit.providers.JobV1.result()`](qiskit.providers.JobV1#result "qiskit.providers.JobV1.result") yields the a list of expectation values plus optional metadata like confidence intervals for the estimation.
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$$
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\langle\psi_i(\theta_k)|H_j|\psi_i(\theta_k)\rangle
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$$
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Here is an example of how an `EstimatorV1` implementation would be used. Note that there are currently no implementations of the legacy `EstimatorV1` interface in Qiskit.
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```python
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# This is a fictional import path.
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# There are currently no EstimatorV1 implementations in Qiskit.
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from estimator_v1_location import EstimatorV1
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from qiskit.circuit.library import RealAmplitudes
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from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
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psi1 = RealAmplitudes(num_qubits=2, reps=2)
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psi2 = RealAmplitudes(num_qubits=2, reps=3)
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H1 = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("II", 1), ("IZ", 2), ("XI", 3)])
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H2 = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("IZ", 1)])
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H3 = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("ZI", 1), ("ZZ", 1)])
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theta1 = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
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theta2 = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]
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theta3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
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estimator = EstimatorV1()
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# calculate [ <psi1(theta1)|H1|psi1(theta1)> ]
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job = estimator.run([psi1], [H1], [theta1])
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job_result = job.result() # It will block until the job finishes.
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print(f"The primitive-job finished with result {job_result}")
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# calculate [ <psi1(theta1)|H1|psi1(theta1)>,
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# <psi2(theta2)|H2|psi2(theta2)>,
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# <psi1(theta3)|H3|psi1(theta3)> ]
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job2 = estimator.run(
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[psi1, psi2, psi1],
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[H1, H2, H3],
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[theta1, theta2, theta3]
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)
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job_result = job2.result()
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print(f"The primitive-job finished with result {job_result}")
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```
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## Overview of SamplerV1
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There are currently no implementations of the legacy `SamplerV1` interface in Qiskit. However, the abstract interface definition from [`BaseSamplerV1`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV1 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV1") is still part of the package to provide backward compatibility for external implementations.
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Sampler classes calculate probabilities or quasi-probabilities of bitstrings from quantum circuits.
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A `SamplerV1` is initialized with an empty parameter set. [`BaseSamplerV1`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV1 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV1") implementations can be called via the `.run()` method with the following parameters:
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* quantum circuits ($\psi_i(\theta)$): list of (parameterized) quantum circuits. (a list of [`QuantumCircuit`](qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit "qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit") objects)
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* parameter values ($\theta_k$): list of sets of parameter values to be bound to the parameters of the quantum circuits. (list of list of float)
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`.run()` will return a [`JobV1`](qiskit.providers.JobV1 "qiskit.providers.JobV1") object. Calling [`qiskit.providers.JobV1.result()`](qiskit.providers.JobV1#result "qiskit.providers.JobV1.result") yields a [`SamplerResult`](qiskit.primitives.SamplerResult "qiskit.primitives.SamplerResult") object, which contains probabilities or quasi-probabilities of bitstrings, plus optional metadata like error bars in the samples.
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Here is an example of how a `SamplerV1` implementation would be used. Note that there are currently no implementations of the legacy `SamplerV1` interface in Qiskit.
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```python
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# This is a fictional import path.
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# There are currently no SamplerV1 implementations in Qiskit.
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from sampler_v1_location import Sampler
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from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
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from qiskit.circuit.library import RealAmplitudes
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# a Bell circuit
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bell = QuantumCircuit(2)
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bell.h(0)
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bell.cx(0, 1)
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bell.measure_all()
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# two parameterized circuits
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pqc = RealAmplitudes(num_qubits=2, reps=2)
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pqc.measure_all()
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pqc2 = RealAmplitudes(num_qubits=2, reps=3)
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pqc2.measure_all()
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theta1 = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
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theta2 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
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# initialization of the sampler
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sampler = SamplerV1()
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# Sampler runs a job on the Bell circuit
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job = sampler.run(
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circuits=[bell], parameter_values=[[]], parameters=[[]]
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)
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job_result = job.result()
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print([q.binary_probabilities() for q in job_result.quasi_dists])
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# Sampler runs a job on the parameterized circuits
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job2 = sampler.run(
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circuits=[pqc, pqc2],
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parameter_values=[theta1, theta2],
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parameters=[pqc.parameters, pqc2.parameters])
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job_result = job2.result()
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print([q.binary_probabilities() for q in job_result.quasi_dists])
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```
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## Migration from Primitives V1 to V2
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The formal distinction between the Primitives V1 and V2 APIs are the base classes from which primitives implementations inherit, which are all listed at the bottom of the page. At a conceptual level, however, here are some notable differences keep in mind when migrating from V1 to V2:
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1. The V2 primitives favour vectorized inputs, where single circuits can be grouped with vector-valued (or more generally, array-valued) specifications. Each group is called a primitive unified bloc (pub), and each pub gets its own result. For example, in the estimator, you can compare the following differences:
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```python
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# Favoured V2 pattern. There is only one pub here, but there could be more.
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job = estimator_v2.run([(circuit, [obs1, obs2, obs3, obs4])])
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evs = job.result()[0].data.evs
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# V1 equivalent, where the same circuit must be provided four times.
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job = estimator_v1.run([circuit] * 4, [obs1, obs2, obs3, obs4])
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evs = job.result().values
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```
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Not shown in the above example, for brevity, is that the circuit can be parametric, with arrays of parameter value sets broadcasted against the array of observables. The sampler is similar, but with no observables:
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```python
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# Favoured V2 pattern. There is only one pub here, but there could be more.
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job = sampler_v2.run([(circuit, [vals1, vals2, vals3])])
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samples = job.result()[0].data
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# V1 equivalent, where the same circuit must be provided three times.
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sampler_v1.run([circuit] * 3, [vals1, vals2, vals3])
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quasi_dists = job.result().quasi_dists
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```
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2. The V2 sampler returns samples of classical outcomes, preserving the shot order in which they were measured. This is in contrast to the V1 sampler that outputs quasi-probability distributions which are instead an *estimate of the distribution* over classical outcomes. Moreover, the V2 sampler result objects organize data in terms of their input circuits’ classical register names, which provides natural compatibility with dynamic circuits.
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The closest analog of quasi-probability distributions in the V2 interface is the [`get_counts()`](qiskit.primitives.BitArray#get_counts "qiskit.primitives.BitArray.get_counts") method, shown in the example below. However, we emphasize that for utility scale experiments (100+ qubits), the chances of measuring the same bitstring twice are small, so that binning like counts in a dictionary format will not typically be an efficient data processing strategy.
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```python
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circuit = QuantumCircuit(QuantumRegister(2, "qreg"), ClassicalRegister(2, "alpha"))
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circuit.h(0)
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circuit.cx(0, 1)
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circuit.measure([0, 1], [0, 1])
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# V1 sampler usage
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result = sampler_v1.run([circuit]).result()
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quasi_dist = result.quasi_dists[0]
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# V2 sampler usage
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result = sampler_v2.run([circuit]).result()
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# these are the bit values from the alpha register, over all shots
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bitvals = result[0].data.alpha
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# we can use it to generate a Counts mapping, which is similar to a quasi prob distribution
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counts = bitvals.get_counts()
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# which can in turn be converted to the V1 type through normalization
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quasi_dist = QuasiDistribution({outcome: freq / shots for outcome, freq in counts.items()})
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```
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3. The V2 primitives have brought the concept of sampling overhead, inherent to all quantum systems via their inherent probabilistic nature, out of the options and into the API itself. For the sampler, this means that the `shots` argument is now part of the [`run()`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2#run "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2.run") signature, and moreover that each pub is able to specify its own value for `shots`, which takes precedence over any value given to the method. The sampler has an analogous `precision` argument that specifies the error bars that the primitive implementation should target for expectation values estimates.
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This concept is not present in the API of the V1 primitives, though all implementations of the V1 primitives have related settings somewhere in their options.
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```python
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# Sample two circuits at 128 shots each.
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sampler_v2.run([circuit1, circuit2], shots=128)
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# Sample two circuits at different amounts of shots. The "None"s are necessary as placeholders
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# for the lack of parameter values in this example.
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sampler_v2.run([(circuit1, None, 123), (circuit2, None, 456)])
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# Estimate expectation values for two pubs, both with 0.05 precision.
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estimator_v2.run([(circuit1, obs_array1), (circuit2, obs_array_2)], precision=0.05)
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```
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## Primitives API
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### Estimator V2
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| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| [`BaseEstimatorV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2")() | Base class for `EstimatorV2` implementations. |
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| [`StatevectorEstimator`](qiskit.primitives.StatevectorEstimator "qiskit.primitives.StatevectorEstimator")(\*\[, default\_precision, ...]) | Simple implementation of [`BaseEstimatorV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV2") with full state vector simulation. |
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| [`BackendEstimatorV2`](qiskit.primitives.BackendEstimatorV2 "qiskit.primitives.BackendEstimatorV2")(\*, backend\[, options]) | Evaluates expectation values for provided quantum circuit and observable combinations. |
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### Sampler V2
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| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| [`BaseSamplerV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2")() | Base class for `SamplerV2` implementations. |
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| [`StatevectorSampler`](qiskit.primitives.StatevectorSampler "qiskit.primitives.StatevectorSampler")(\*\[, default\_shots, seed]) | Simple implementation of [`BaseSamplerV2`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV2") using full state vector simulation. |
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| [`BackendSamplerV2`](qiskit.primitives.BackendSamplerV2 "qiskit.primitives.BackendSamplerV2")(\*, backend\[, options]) | Evaluates bitstrings for provided quantum circuits |
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### Results V2
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| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| [`BitArray`](qiskit.primitives.BitArray "qiskit.primitives.BitArray")(array, num\_bits) | Stores an array of bit values. |
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| [`DataBin`](qiskit.primitives.DataBin "qiskit.primitives.DataBin")(\*\[, shape]) | Namespace for storing data. |
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| [`PrimitiveResult`](qiskit.primitives.PrimitiveResult "qiskit.primitives.PrimitiveResult")(pub\_results\[, metadata]) | A container for multiple pub results and global metadata. |
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| [`PubResult`](qiskit.primitives.PubResult "qiskit.primitives.PubResult")(data\[, metadata]) | Result of Primitive Unified Bloc. |
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| [`SamplerPubResult`](qiskit.primitives.SamplerPubResult "qiskit.primitives.SamplerPubResult")(data\[, metadata]) | Result of Sampler Pub. |
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| [`BasePrimitiveJob`](qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob "qiskit.primitives.BasePrimitiveJob")(job\_id, \*\*kwargs) | Primitive job abstract base class. |
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| [`PrimitiveJob`](qiskit.primitives.PrimitiveJob "qiskit.primitives.PrimitiveJob")(function, \*args, \*\*kwargs) | Primitive job class for the reference implementations of Primitives. |
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### Estimator V1
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| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------- |
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| [`BaseEstimatorV1`](qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV1 "qiskit.primitives.BaseEstimatorV1")(\*\[, options]) | Base class for `EstimatorV1` implementations. |
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| [`EstimatorResult`](qiskit.primitives.EstimatorResult "qiskit.primitives.EstimatorResult")(values, metadata) | Result of Estimator V1. |
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### Sampler V1
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| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------- |
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| [`BaseSamplerV1`](qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV1 "qiskit.primitives.BaseSamplerV1")(\*\[, options]) | Sampler V1 base class |
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| [`SamplerResult`](qiskit.primitives.SamplerResult "qiskit.primitives.SamplerResult")(quasi\_dists, metadata) | Result of Sampler V1. |
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