[libc] Improve the performance of expf.
Reduce the polynomial's degree from 7 down to 4. Currently we use a degree-7 minimax polynomial on an interval of length 2^-7 around 0 to compute `expf`. Based on the suggestion of @santoshn and the RLIBM project (https://github.com/rutgers-apl/rlibm-all/blob/main/source/float/exp.c) and the improvement we made with `exp2f` in https://reviews.llvm.org/D122346, it is possible to have a good polynomial of degree-4 on a subinterval of length 2^(-7) to approximate e^x. We did try to either reduce the degree of the polynomial down to 3 or increase the interval size to 2^(-6), but in both cases the number of exceptional values exploded. So we settle with using a degree-4 polynomial of the interval of size 2^(-7) around 0. Reviewed By: sivachandra, zimmermann6, santoshn Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D122418
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@ -24,35 +24,48 @@ LLVM_LIBC_FUNCTION(float, expf, (float x)) {
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using FPBits = typename fputil::FPBits<float>;
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FPBits xbits(x);
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// When x < log(2^-150) or nan
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if (unlikely(xbits.uintval() >= 0xc2cf'f1b5U)) {
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// exp(-Inf) = 0
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if (xbits.is_inf())
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return 0.0f;
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// exp(nan) = nan
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if (xbits.is_nan())
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return x;
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if (fputil::get_round() == FE_UPWARD)
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return static_cast<float>(FPBits(FPBits::MIN_SUBNORMAL));
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errno = ERANGE;
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return 0.0f;
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}
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// x >= 89 or nan
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if (unlikely(!xbits.get_sign() && (xbits.uintval() >= 0x42b2'0000))) {
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if (xbits.uintval() < 0x7f80'0000U) {
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int rounding = fputil::get_round();
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if (rounding == FE_DOWNWARD || rounding == FE_TOWARDZERO)
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return static_cast<float>(FPBits(FPBits::MAX_NORMAL));
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uint32_t x_u = xbits.uintval();
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uint32_t x_abs = x_u & 0x7fff'ffffU;
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errno = ERANGE;
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// Exceptional values
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if (unlikely(x_u == 0xc236'bd8cU)) { // x = -0x1.6d7b18p+5f
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return 0x1.108a58p-66f - x * 0x1.0p-95f;
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}
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// When |x| >= 89, |x| < 2^-25, or x is nan
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if (unlikely(x_abs >= 0x42b2'0000U || x_abs <= 0x3280'0000U)) {
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// |x| < 2^-25
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if (xbits.get_unbiased_exponent() <= 101) {
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return 1.0f + x;
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}
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return x + static_cast<float>(FPBits::inf());
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}
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// |x| < 2^-25
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if (unlikely(xbits.get_unbiased_exponent() <= 101)) {
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return 1.0f + x;
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}
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// When x < log(2^-150) or nan
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if (xbits.uintval() >= 0xc2cf'f1b5U) {
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// exp(-Inf) = 0
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if (xbits.is_inf())
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return 0.0f;
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// exp(nan) = nan
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if (xbits.is_nan())
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return x;
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if (fputil::get_round() == FE_UPWARD)
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return static_cast<float>(FPBits(FPBits::MIN_SUBNORMAL));
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errno = ERANGE;
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return 0.0f;
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}
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// x >= 89 or nan
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if (!xbits.get_sign() && (xbits.uintval() >= 0x42b2'0000)) {
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// x is finite
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if (xbits.uintval() < 0x7f80'0000U) {
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int rounding = fputil::get_round();
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if (rounding == FE_DOWNWARD || rounding == FE_TOWARDZERO)
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return static_cast<float>(FPBits(FPBits::MAX_NORMAL));
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errno = ERANGE;
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}
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// x is +inf or nan
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return x + static_cast<float>(FPBits::inf());
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}
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}
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// For -104 < x < 89, to compute exp(x), we perform the following range
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// reduction: find hi, mid, lo such that:
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// x = hi + mid + lo, in which
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@ -64,36 +77,30 @@ LLVM_LIBC_FUNCTION(float, expf, (float x)) {
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// Then,
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// exp(x) = exp(hi + mid + lo) = exp(hi) * exp(mid) * exp(lo).
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// We store exp(hi) and exp(mid) in the lookup tables EXP_M1 and EXP_M2
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// respectively. exp(lo) is computed using a degree-7 minimax polynomial
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// respectively. exp(lo) is computed using a degree-4 minimax polynomial
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// generated by Sollya.
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// x_hi = hi + mid.
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int x_hi = static_cast<int>(x * 0x1.0p7f);
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// x_hi = (hi + mid) * 2^7 = round(x * 2^7).
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// The default rounding mode for float-to-int conversion in C++ is
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// round-toward-zero. To make it round-to-nearest, we add (-1)^sign(x) * 0.5
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// before conversion.
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int x_hi = static_cast<int>(x * 0x1.0p7f + (xbits.get_sign() ? -0.5f : 0.5f));
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// Subtract (hi + mid) from x to get lo.
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x -= static_cast<float>(x_hi) * 0x1.0p-7f;
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double xd = static_cast<double>(x);
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// Make sure that -2^(-8) <= lo < 2^-8.
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if (x >= 0x1.0p-8f) {
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++x_hi;
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xd -= 0x1.0p-7;
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}
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if (x < -0x1.0p-8f) {
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--x_hi;
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xd += 0x1.0p-7;
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}
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x_hi += 104 << 7;
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// hi = x_hi >> 7
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double exp_hi = EXP_M1[x_hi >> 7];
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// lo = x_hi & 0x0000'007fU;
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// mid * 2^7 = x_hi & 0x0000'007fU;
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double exp_mid = EXP_M2[x_hi & 0x7f];
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// Degree-7 minimax polynomial generated by Sollya with the following
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// Degree-4 minimax polynomial generated by Sollya with the following
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// commands:
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// > display = hexadecimal;
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// > Q = fpminimax(expm1(x)/x, 6, [|D...|], [-2^-8, 2^-8]);
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// > Q = fpminimax(expm1(x)/x, 3, [|D...|], [-2^-8, 2^-8]);
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// > Q;
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double exp_lo = fputil::polyeval(
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xd, 0x1p0, 0x1p0, 0x1p-1, 0x1.5555555555555p-3, 0x1.55555555553ap-5,
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0x1.1111111204dfcp-7, 0x1.6c16cb2da593ap-10, 0x1.9ff1648996d2ep-13);
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double exp_lo =
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fputil::polyeval(xd, 0x1p0, 0x1.ffffffffff777p-1, 0x1.000000000071cp-1,
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0x1.555566668e5e7p-3, 0x1.55555555ef243p-5);
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return static_cast<float>(exp_hi * exp_mid * exp_lo);
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}
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@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
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#include "utils/MPFRWrapper/MPFRUtils.h"
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#include "utils/UnitTest/FPMatcher.h"
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#include <thread>
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using FPBits = __llvm_libc::fputil::FPBits<float>;
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namespace mpfr = __llvm_libc::testing::mpfr;
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@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ struct LlvmLibcExpfExhaustiveTest : public LlvmLibcExhaustiveTest<uint32_t> {
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}
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};
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static constexpr int NUM_THREADS = 16;
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static const int NUM_THREADS = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
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// Range: [0, 89];
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static constexpr uint32_t POS_START = 0x0000'0000U;
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@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcExpfTest, Borderline) {
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ASSERT_MPFR_MATCH_ALL_ROUNDING(mpfr::Operation::Exp, x, __llvm_libc::expf(x),
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0.5);
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EXPECT_MATH_ERRNO(0);
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x = float(FPBits(0xc236bd8cU));
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EXPECT_MPFR_MATCH_ALL_ROUNDING(mpfr::Operation::Exp, x, __llvm_libc::expf(x),
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0.5);
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EXPECT_MATH_ERRNO(0);
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}
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TEST(LlvmLibcExpfTest, InFloatRange) {
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