Add support for `cfg(overflow_checks)`

This PR adds support for detecting if overflow checks are enabled in similar fashion as debug_assertions are detected.
Possible use-case of this, for example, if we want to use checked integer casts in builds with overflow checks, e.g.

```rust
pub fn cast(val: usize)->u16 {
    if cfg!(overflow_checks) {
        val.try_into().unwrap()
    }
    else{
        vas as _
    }
}
```

Resolves #91130.
Tracking issue: #111466.

compiler/rustc_feature/src/active.rs

@@ -321,6 +321,8 @@ declare_features! (
     (active, c_unwind, "1.52.0", Some(74990), None),
     /// Allows using C-variadics.
     (active, c_variadic, "1.34.0", Some(44930), None),
+    /// Allows the use of `#[cfg(overflow_checks)` to check if integer overflow behaviour.
+    (active, cfg_overflow_checks, "CURRENT_RUSTC_VERSION", Some(111466), None),
     /// Allows the use of `#[cfg(sanitize = "option")]`; set when -Zsanitizer is used.
     (active, cfg_sanitize, "1.41.0", Some(39699), None),
     /// Allows `cfg(target_abi = "...")`.

compiler/rustc_feature/src/builtin_attrs.rs

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ pub type GatedCfg = (Symbol, Symbol, GateFn);
 /// `cfg(...)`'s that are feature gated.
 const GATED_CFGS: &[GatedCfg] = &[
     // (name in cfg, feature, function to check if the feature is enabled)
+    (sym::overflow_checks, sym::cfg_overflow_checks, cfg_fn!(cfg_overflow_checks)),
     (sym::target_abi, sym::cfg_target_abi, cfg_fn!(cfg_target_abi)),
     (sym::target_thread_local, sym::cfg_target_thread_local, cfg_fn!(cfg_target_thread_local)),
     (

compiler/rustc_session/src/config.rs

@@ -1060,6 +1060,9 @@ fn default_configuration(sess: &Session) -> CrateConfig {
     if sess.opts.debug_assertions {
         ret.insert((sym::debug_assertions, None));
     }
+    if sess.overflow_checks() {
+        ret.insert((sym::overflow_checks, None));
+    }
     // JUSTIFICATION: before wrapper fn is available
     #[allow(rustc::bad_opt_access)]
     if sess.opts.crate_types.contains(&CrateType::ProcMacro) {
@@ -1209,6 +1212,7 @@ impl CrateCheckConfig {
             sym::windows,
             sym::proc_macro,
             sym::debug_assertions,
+            sym::overflow_checks,
             sym::target_thread_local,
         ] {
             self.expecteds.entry(name).or_insert_with(no_values);

compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs

@@ -463,6 +463,7 @@ symbols! {
         cfg_doctest,
         cfg_eval,
         cfg_hide,
+        cfg_overflow_checks,
         cfg_panic,
         cfg_sanitize,
         cfg_target_abi,
@@ -1065,6 +1066,7 @@ symbols! {
         or_patterns,
         other,
         out,
+        overflow_checks,
         overlapping_marker_traits,
         owned_box,
         packed,

tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-cfg_overflow_checks.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#![crate_type = "lib"]
+
+#[cfg(overflow_checks)] //~ ERROR `cfg(overflow_checks)` is experimental
+pub fn cast(v: i64)->u32{
+    todo!()
+}

tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-cfg_overflow_checks.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+error[E0658]: `cfg(overflow_checks)` is experimental and subject to change
+  --> $DIR/feature-gate-cfg_overflow_checks.rs:3:7
+   |
+LL | #[cfg(overflow_checks)]
+   |       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |
+   = note: see issue #111466 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/111466> for more information
+   = help: add `#![feature(cfg_overflow_checks)]` to the crate attributes to enable
+
+error: aborting due to previous error
+
+For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0658`.

tests/ui/numbers-arithmetic/overflow-attribute-works-1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// run-pass
+// compile-flags: -C overflow_checks=true
+
+#![feature(cfg_overflow_checks)]
+
+fn main() {
+    assert!(cfg!(overflow_checks));
+    assert!(compiles_differently());
+}
+
+#[cfg(overflow_checks)]
+fn compiles_differently()->bool {
+    true
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(overflow_checks))]
+fn compiles_differently()->bool {
+    false
+}

tests/ui/numbers-arithmetic/overflow-attribute-works-2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// run-pass
+// compile-flags: -C overflow_checks=false
+
+#![feature(cfg_overflow_checks)]
+
+fn main() {
+    assert!(!cfg!(overflow_checks));
+    assert!(!compiles_differently());
+}
+
+#[cfg(overflow_checks)]
+fn compiles_differently()->bool {
+    true
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(overflow_checks))]
+fn compiles_differently()->bool {
+    false
+}