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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../index.html">Andrew's Blog</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> linux</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/install_linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> install linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/bash_profile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/command_list.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> command list</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/git_guide.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> git guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/tar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> tar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/run_x86_elf_in_x64_setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> run x86 elf in x64 setup</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/mac/mac.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> mac</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/mac/macos_profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> macos profiles</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> swift</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/learn_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> learn swift basics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_extensions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Swift extensions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swiftui_extension.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> SwiftUI extensions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/install_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> install swift</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/task_planner.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> implment task panner app with SwiftUI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Swift Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/yinci_url.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Personal privacy protocol</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_regular_exressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Swift regular exressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/how_to_create_beautiful_ios_charts_in_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> How to Create Beautiful iOS Charts in鑱絊wift</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swiftui_source_code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> SwiftUI source code</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/use_swift_fetch_iciba_api.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> use swift fetch iciba API</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/ios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> ios</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/cocaposd_setup_and_install_for_ios_project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> cocaposd setup and install for ios project</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/swiftui_show_gif_image.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> SwiftUI show gif image</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/implement_task_planner_app.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> implement Task planner App</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> objective_c</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Objective-C Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c_for_absolute_beginners_read_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Objective-C Note</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/dart.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> dart</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/flutter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Flutter Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/dart_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Dart Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/flutter/flutter_dev_test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Flutter dev test</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/offline_use_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Offline use rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_grammer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> rust grammar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/pase_string_and_decimal_conversion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> pase string and decimal conversion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/parse_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> rust types</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_life_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Rust life cycle</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> rust generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implment_matrix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> Rust implement matrix</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> Rust implement sort algorithms</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implement_aes_encryption.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> Rust implement AEC encryption and decryption</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implement_trie_data_structure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> implement trie data structure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implement_tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> implement tree data_structure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/list_dir.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> list dir</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/fast_way_to_implment_object_trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> fast way to implment object trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/compress_rust_binary_size.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> compress rust binary size</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implment_file_upload_backend.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> impliment file upload</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/this_is_add_post_cli_implementation_in_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.16.</strong> this is add_post cli implementation in rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/use_rust_implment_a_copyclipbord_cli.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.17.</strong> Use rust implment a copyclipbord CLI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/sqlite_database_add_delete_update_show_in_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.18.</strong> sqlite database add delete update show in rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implementing_tokio_joinhandle_for_wasm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.19.</strong> Implementing tokio JoinHandle for wasm</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implement_a_crate_for_encode_and_decode_brainfuck_and_ook.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.20.</strong> rust implement a crate for encode and decode brainfuck and ook</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/slint_builtin_elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.21.</strong> Slint Builtin Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/corporate_network_install_rust_on_windows.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.22.</strong> Corporate network install Rust on windows</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_binary_file_how_to_judge_static_link_or_dynamic_link_in_macos.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.23.</strong> rust binary file how to judge static link or dynamic link in Macos</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_binary_include_dir_and_get_contents.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.24.</strong> rust binary include dir and get contents</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_logger_non-block.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.25.</strong> rust logger non-block</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_connect_sql_server_database.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.26.</strong> rust connect sql server database</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_websocket_implment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.27.</strong> rust websocket implment</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> java</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_grammar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> java grammar and codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/run_jar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> java run .jar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_pomxml_add_defaultgoal_to_build.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Java pomxml add defaultGoal to build</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_set_mvn_mirror.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Java set mvn mirror</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> python</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/convert_pesn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> convert pesn</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/find_remove_dir.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> find and remove dir</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/timing_message.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> wechat send message</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/use_python_openpyxl_package_read_and_edit_excel_files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> Use python openpyxl package read and edit excel files</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/go/go.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> go</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> js</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> js tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_map.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> ja map</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_math.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> js math</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> js object</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_set.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> js set</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/single_thread_and_asynchronous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> single thread and asynchronous</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/this.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.7.</strong> js this</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_implment_aes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.8.</strong> js implment aes</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/getting_started_with_ajax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.9.</strong> getting started with ajax</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/BinarySearchTree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.10.</strong> binary search tree</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/goole_zx.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.11.</strong> goole zx</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/es6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.12.</strong> es6</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/ruby.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> ruby</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/rails_setup_env.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> ruby on rails setup environment</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/learn_ruby.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> learn ruby</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/ruby_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Ruby Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/setup_ruby_for_ctf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> Setup ruby for CTF</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> react</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_life_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> react life cycle</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_router.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> react router</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_this.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> react this</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_interviw.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> react interview</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/important_react_interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> important react interview</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_quick_reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> react quick reference</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/redux_quick_reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> redux quick reference</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/vue/vue.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> vue</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/vue/vue_ajax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> vue ajax</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/angular.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> angular</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/controller_communication.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> controller communication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/creating_custom_directives.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> creating custom directives</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/directive_notes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> directive notes</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/directive_communication.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> directive communication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/post_params.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> post params</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/read_json_angular.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> read json angular</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/same_route_reload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.7.</strong> same route reload</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/css/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> css</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/css/use_css_media.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> use css media</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/php.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> php</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/for_php_string_implment_some_extemtion_functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> for php string implment some extemtion functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/php_cheatsheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> PHP cheatsheet</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> leetcode</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> rust leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_codewar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> rust codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/swift_codewar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> swift codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/js_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.4.</strong> js leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/java_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.5.</strong> java leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_huawei.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.6.</strong> huawei test</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_utils.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.7.</strong> rust common functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/olympiad_training.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.8.</strong> Computer olympiad training</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/CTF.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> ctf</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/CTF_Note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> CTF Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/0.1_Web.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> Web</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/4.1_Misc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> Misc</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.2_PWN_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.4.</strong> PWN</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.1_Crypto.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.5.</strong> Crypto</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.4_RSA_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.6.</strong> Rsa attack</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.5_Base64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.7.</strong> Base64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/0.0_SQL Injection Cheatsheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.8.</strong> SQL Injection Cheatsheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.1_SQL_injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.9.</strong> SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.2_SQL_injection_UNION_attacks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.10.</strong> SQL Injection UNION attacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.3_Blind SQL injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.11.</strong> Blind SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.4_Code Injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.12.</strong> Code Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.5_SSRF.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.13.</strong> SSRF</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.6_OS command injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.14.</strong> OS command injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.7_Local file inclusion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.15.</strong> Local file inclusion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.8_Remote file inclusion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.16.</strong> Remote file inclusion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.9_CSRFm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.17.</strong> CSRF</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.10_NoSQL injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.18.</strong> NoSQL injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.11_JSON injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.19.</strong> JSON injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.12_CTF_Web_SQL_Note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.20.</strong> CTF Web SQL Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.1_XXE.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.21.</strong> XXE</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.2_XSS.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.22.</strong> XSS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.3_Upload File.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.23.</strong> Upload File</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.4_serialize_unserialize.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.24.</strong> serialize unserialize</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.5_Race condition.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.25.</strong> Race condition</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.2_PWN_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.26.</strong> PWN_note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.3_pwn HCTF2016 brop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.27.</strong> pwn HCTF2016 brop</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_patch_defense_skill.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.28.</strong> PWN Patch defense skill</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_stack_overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.29.</strong> PWN stack overflow</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_heap_overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.30.</strong> PWN heap overflow</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_format_string_vulnerability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.31.</strong> PWN Format String Vulnerability</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/kali_linux_tutorials.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.32.</strong> Kali linux tutorials</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/google_dorks_2023_lists.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.33.</strong> Google Dorks 2023 Lists</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/dvwa_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.34.</strong> DVWA WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/bwapp_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.35.</strong> bWAPP WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/sqlilabs_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.36.</strong> sqlilabs WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/ctf_train_at_hangzhou.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.37.</strong> ctf train at hangzhou</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/ctf_common_mindmap_list.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.38.</strong> ctf common mindmap list</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/error_based_sql_injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.39.</strong> Error Based SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/urlfinder_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.40.</strong> URLFinder Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/observer_ward_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.41.</strong> observer_ward Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/mysql_udf_.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.42.</strong> MySQL UDF 提权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/nuclei__tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.43.</strong> Nuclei Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2024_ctf_solution_thinking.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.44.</strong> 2024 ctf solution thinking</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/man_che_si_te_bian_ma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.45.</strong> 曼彻斯特编码</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="introduction-to-rust"><a class="header" href="#introduction-to-rust">Introduction to Rust</a></h1>
<p>Rust is a blazing fast and memory-efficient static compiled language with a rich type system and ownership model. It can be used to power performance-critical services while guaranteeing memory-safety and thread-safety, empowering developers to debug at compile-time. In addition to that Rust has great documentation and a user-friendly compiler with top-end tools like integrated package managers and multi-editor with features like type inspection and auto-completion. Rust prevents all the crashes, and it is very interesting that rust is safe by default like JavaScript, Ruby, and Python. This is much more powerful than C/C++ because we cannot write the wrong parallel code you can never see fault in rust. It is very fast in representing a lot of programming paradigms very well.
But the question arises as there are already so many programming languages like Python, C++, Java, etc, then why the need for developing a new programming language? The answer to this is the other programming languages have a lot of control over the hardware that you are running, like, you can optimize it well, translate directly to assembly code, but it’s not very safe.
So rust provides us all the controls that we can have and all the levels of security that we can achieve.
<em><strong>Rust is using Rust</strong></em> which means that all the standard compiler libraries are written in rust; there is a bit of use of the C programming language but most of it is Rust. The big project of Rust is  <em>“servo”</em> ,  It is a project to write out the totally parallel layout engine like Gecko in Firefox or WebKit in Safari.
Servo built the layout engine, something to render HTML from bottom to top.</p>
<h3 id="functions-in-rust"><a class="header" href="#functions-in-rust">Functions in Rust:</a></h3>
<p>Functions are the block of reusable code that can perform similar related actions. You have already seen one of the most important functions in the language: the main function, which is the entry point of many programs. You’ve also seen the “fn” keyword, which allows you to declare new functions. Rust code uses snake case as the conventional style for function and variable names. In snake case, all letters are lowercase and underscore separate words.
<strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<pre><code>fn functionname(arguments){
code
}
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>To create a function we need to use the <em><strong>fn keyword.</strong></em></li>
<li>The function name is written after the fn keyword</li>
<li>Arguments are passed after function name inside parenthesis</li>
<li>You can write function code in function block
<strong>Example:</strong>  The below function simply prints “Hello, World!” in the console:</li>
</ul>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
println!("Hello, world!");
}</code></pre></pre>
<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>
<pre><code>Hello, World!
</code></pre>
<h2 id="rust-append-to-file"><a class="header" href="#rust-append-to-file">Rust append to file</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub fn append_file(path: &amp;str,data:&amp;str){
std::fs::write(path, "").unwrap();
let mut file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
.write(true)
.append(true) // This is needed to append to file
.open(path)
.unwrap();
file.write_all(data.as_bytes()).unwrap();
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<h3 id="concept-of-ownership"><a class="header" href="#concept-of-ownership"><strong>Concept of Ownership:</strong></a></h3>
<p>The concept of ownership is that when you own something you can decide to pass it to someone else, if you have a book, and you have done reading it you can permanently give it to someone and not worry about it.</p>
<h2 id="rust"><a class="header" href="#rust">Rust</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn helper() -&gt; Box&lt;int&gt; {
let three = box 3;
return three; //transfer ownership
}
fn main() {
// acquire ownership of return value
let my_three = helper();
}</code></pre></pre>
<h3 id="concept-of-borrowing"><a class="header" href="#concept-of-borrowing"><strong>Concept of Borrowing:</strong></a></h3>
<p>Owned values in rust can be borrowed to allow usage for a certain period of time The <strong>“&amp;” sign</strong> represents the borrowed reference. Borrowed values have a lifetime and are valid for that time only. Borrowing prevents moving. While there is an active borrow I can not transfer ownership. I still own it but cannot transfer it until I handed it in to really relinquish that borrowed.</p>
<h2 id="rust-1"><a class="header" href="#rust-1">Rust</a></h2>
<pre><code>let a: &amp;int;
{
let b =3; //b lifetime is not same as a
a =&amp;b;
} //
</code></pre>
<p>Here “a” and “b” has a different lifetime, so it will not work.</p>
<h2 id="rust-2"><a class="header" href="#rust-2">Rust</a></h2>
<pre><code>let a: &amp;int;
let b=3; // a and b have same lifetime
a = &amp;b;
</code></pre>
<p>Here “a” and “b” have the same life, so it will work. Borrow can be nested. Through cloning, borrowed values can become owned.</p>
<h3 id="memory-management-in-rust"><a class="header" href="#memory-management-in-rust"><strong>Memory management in Rust:</strong></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>Rust has fine-grain memory management but is automatically managed once created.</li>
<li>In Rust when you allocate memory you never have to really free it you can decide when to free it but never call it. Rust takes care of it automatically.</li>
<li>Each variable has a scope it is valid for, and it gets automatically deallocated once it goes out of scope.</li>
<li>In rust, each program is allocated memory from the operating system.</li>
<li>Rust also has a shared memory where we can have a reference piece of data, we can use ownership to keep track of reference count.</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="different-memory-"><a class="header" href="#different-memory-">Different memory :</a></h4>
<p><strong>Heap:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>It is the biggest memory block and is managed by the rust ownership model.</li>
<li>At this place, all the dynamic data is stored.
<strong>Stack:</strong></li>
<li>All values in rust are allocated on the stack.</li>
<li>At this, the static memory is allocated by default.</li>
<li>There is one stack per thread.</li>
<li>It includes structures and pointers to dynamic data.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="mutability"><a class="header" href="#mutability"><strong>Mutability:</strong></a></h3>
<p>Values in rust are immutable by default and must be tagged as being mutable(if needed).
<strong>Example:</strong></p>
<h2 id="rust-3"><a class="header" href="#rust-3">Rust</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let x = 2;
x = 9; //it will show an error
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>The above example will show an error because we have not tagged it as mutable.</p>
<h2 id="rust-4"><a class="header" href="#rust-4">Rust</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let mut x = 2;
x = 9; //work correctly
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>This will work fine as we have tagged it as being mutable. As in this case we are explicitly mutating it.</p>
<h3 id="structure-in-rust"><a class="header" href="#structure-in-rust"><strong>Structure in Rust</strong></a></h3>
<p>The structure is a user-defined data type in rust that is used to combine different data items of a different type. Structure defines data as a key-value pair. The <em><strong>struct</strong></em> keyword is used to define Structures in Rust.
<strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<pre><code>struct Name_of_structure {
field1:data_type,
field2:data_type,
field3:data_type
}
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<h2 id="rust-5"><a class="header" href="#rust-5">Rust</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">struct Employee {
name: String,
company: String,
employee_id: u32,
profile: String
}
fn main() {
let value = Employee {
name: String::from("Geek"),
company: String::from("Geeksforgeeks.org"),
employee_id: 007,
profile:String::from("Manager"),
};
println!("Employee: {} of {} Company bearing EmployeeID {} is of {} level.",
value.name,
value.company,
value.employee_id,
value.profile);
}</code></pre></pre>
<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>
<pre><code>Employee: Geek of Geeksforgeeks.org Company bearing EmployeeID 7 is of Manager level.
</code></pre>
<p>This is an example of how we create structures in rust. This will compile perfectly.</p>
<h3 id="tuple"><a class="header" href="#tuple"><strong>Tuple:</strong></a></h3>
<p>A tuple in rust is a finite heterogeneous compound data type, meaning it can store more than one value at once. ****In tuples, there is no inbuilt method to add elements into a tuple. We can use the index to get the value of a tuple, and we also can not iterate over a tuple using for loop.
Tuples in Rust are defined using small brackets as shown below :</p>
<pre><code>Syntax: ("geeksforgeeks", 1, 'geek')
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<h2 id="rust-6"><a class="header" href="#rust-6">Rust</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">// Rust program to get value from tuple
// using index
fn main() {
let gfg = ("cp", "algo", "FAANG", "Data Structure");
// complete tuple
println!("complete tuple = {:?} ", gfg );
// first value
println!("at 0 index = {} ", gfg.0 );
// second value
println!("at 0 index = {} ", gfg.1 );
// third value
println!("at 0 index = {} ", gfg.2 );
// fourth value
println!("at 0 index = {} ", gfg.3 );
}</code></pre></pre>
<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>
<pre><code>complete tuple = ("cp", "algo", "FAANG", "Data Structure")
at 0 index = cp
at 0 index = algo
at 0 index = FAANG
at 0 index = Data Structure
</code></pre>
<h3 id="rust-type-system"><a class="header" href="#rust-type-system"><strong>Rust Type System:</strong></a></h3>
<p>In Rust, every variable, value, and item has a type. The <em>type</em> defines how much memory it is holding and which operation can be performed on the value. The below table states all the types in Rust:</p>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Type</th><th>Contents</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Primitive Types</td><td>Boolean, Numeric, Textual, Never</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sequence Types</td><td>Tuple, Array, Slice</td></tr>
<tr><td>User-defined Types</td><td>Struct, Enum, Union</td></tr>
<tr><td>Function Types</td><td>Functions, Closures</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pointer Types</td><td>References, Raw pointers, Function pointers</td></tr>
<tr><td>Trait Types</td><td>Trait objects, Impl trait</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h3 id="advantages-and-disadvantages-of-rust"><a class="header" href="#advantages-and-disadvantages-of-rust"><strong>Advantages and Disadvantages of Rust:</strong></a></h3>
<p><strong>Advantages:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Quick debugging and testing: Rust is a very fast language and supports quick and effective debugging.</li>
<li>Rust supports more complex code as compared to other languages, so we can achieve more in less code.</li>
<li>It enables cross-platform development.</li>
<li>Ease of integration: Rust can be easily integrated with C and many other famous programming languages.</li>
<li>Rust is safer than other programming languages.</li>
<li>There is a wide community of developer which support Rust.
<strong>Disadvantages:</strong></li>
<li>Due to complexity, it may take a longer time to learn Rust.</li>
<li>In rust, code can be less efficient and also it takes more time to compile.</li>
<li>As it is more complex, so it may take more time to complete apps written in Rust.</li>
<li>It is a new language, so it will take more time to spread over and jobs in rust also may not be as much as in other popular programming languages.</li>
<li>In some cases, rust can leak memory and become slower than a popular programming language.</li>
<li>Hard to maintain due to its large code base.</li>
</ol>
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